Marine Biology Test

1. Stratification

2. Temperature

3. Salinity

4. Pressure

5. Waves

6. Langmuir Cells

7. Upwelling

8. Tides

1. Littoral

2. Neritic

3. Oceanic

1. Photic

2. Mesopelagic

3. Bathypelagic

edge of shore

shallow part of the ocean; between oceanic and littoral zone

The open ocean beyond the continental shelf

0-200 Meters deep

200-1000 Meters deep

1000-4000 meters deep

1. Sodium and Chlorine make up 86% of sea salts

2. Strongly buffered: the ph 8.0-8.3

3. Concentration varies with latitude

The wind creates friction which then creates waves

Crest to trough

1. Spring Tide

2. Neap Tide

3. Intertidal Zone

Moon exerts high gravitational force; large margin between high/low tide

Moon exerts less gravitational force; smaller margin between high/low tide

Between high and low tide

• All of the ocean below the continental shelf

• 3 Zones in the Pelagic System

• 1. Epipelagic: 0-200m; photosynthetic plankton are in this zone!

• 2. Mesopelagic: 200m-1000m

• 3. Deep Sea: 1000m to ocean floor

They are driven by: differences in density, wind action, temperature and tides

Currents move surface water and distribute heat, nutrients and especially organisms like photosynthetic plankton! These Plankton are moved from the epipelagic zone into the mesopelagic zone so animals in lower zones/ deeper waters can eat the plankton.

Phyto/Photosynthetic Plankton are located in the epipelagic/ photic zone

They are primary producers because they can do photosynthesis, they turn light into carbs which is essential for the food chain

Microscopic, single celled organisms

1. Dolphins use echolocation to find a shoal of fish

2. They herd the fish into a group

3. One dolphin circles and kicks up a mud ring around the fish creating a barrier

4. The confused fish jump over the mud ring

5. Dolphins try to catch jumping fish in their mouths

In the kelp forests there are three main organisms

1. Sea Otters: eat sea urchins

2. Sea Urchins: eat kelp

3. Kelp

Sea Otters eat sea urchins which allows the kelp forests to thrive because Sea urchins eat kelp

Kelp forests are important to the oceans as trees are to land because they absorb CO2

Coral Reefs: create structure that provides food and shelter for fish

Sharks: reef sharks and white tip reef sharks work together to eat fish in the coral reefs; keeping the grazing fish population down

Fish: clean sharks teeth, eat coral, seaweed and bacteria

1. Decreased fish populations

2. disruption of marine food chain

3. decreased biodiversity

4. can cause ecosystems to collapse

5. economic loss for fishing industry

1. pollution filters

2. help with fish reproduction

3. protect shorelines from erosion

Bottom-up control: abundance is limited by resources available to the plants

Top-down control: controlled by animals that eat the plants; herbivores and their predators

• He wanted to test the theory that salt marshes were a bottom up ecosystem

• Brian conducted an experiment to see if the snails in the salt marshes had any effect on the growth of the grasses

• He found that the salt marshes are controlled from the top down; the snails that eat the grass and the crabs that eat the snails

• With more blue crabs to eat the snails and nutrients in the soil the marshes will stay healthy

the changes in the population of top predators causes ripple effects to the food chain and the surrounding ecosystem, impacting lower trophic levels.

1. Supports 25% of marine biodiversity

2. Phytoplankton live and grow in coral reefs providing food in the ecosystem

1. new Polyps form and attach to existing corals

2. gradually building the reef

1. Algae gives coral reefs their color and nutrients because they can do photosynthesis

   2. provide food for other organisms

1. Corals provide structure and protection for the algae

2. Algae provides nutrients and color to reefs

1. Water temperature rises

2. the corals eject the algae back into the ocean

3. they turn back to their natural translucent/tan color

4. the corals no longer have their source of food so they eventually die

1. Littoral Fringe

   1. Minimal Salt water contact

   2. periwinkles, crustose algae

2. Littoral Zone

   1. Sub divided

      1. Upper: Barnacles, mussels, limpets

      2. Middle: Oysters, rockweed

      3. Lower: Blue mussels

3. Sublittoral

   1. Kelp, urchins and horse mussels

Because they can contain a variety of any of the species from all zones in a sandy shore ecosystem

it is formed from depositing sediment

The life is divided by sediment zones

1. Epifauna: Live on the surface of sand

2. Infauna: live within sediment

1. Foreshore: bit before water drops off into open ocean

2. Surf Zone: b/w tides

3. Dune Zone: farthest from the water

1. organic matter accumulates and is fed on by detritivores

2. Energy Flow Diagram: Ask him tomorrow

it means plants and trees are salt loving; this is specific to the mangrove flora in swamps

1. Red: has arching roots

2. Black: has root projections called pneumatophores; which provide air

3. White: grow farther inland; no outstanding root structures

1. Decomposers, bacteria & Filter feeders:

2. Barnacles, Oysters, and worms

3. Fish and shrimp

4. Wading Birds and crocs

1. First game warden in southern florida

2. His job was to stop poachers from killing plume birds for their feathers

3. got killed by Walter Smith, but his death made a big impact on the protection of plum birds

when freshwater flows into a body of salt water

Providing food, shelter, filtration, and protection for marine organisms