hort exam 2

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma

They are made of mainly cellulose. They provide filler, structure, support, and protection

The pectin is in the cell wall (middle lamella). It holds plant cells together and is used as a gelling agent for jams and jellies.

a double membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. not attached to the cell wall!!

cell to cell interconnections are made by cytoplasmic strands

everything in the cell except for the organelles

Eukaryotic DNA never leaves but is instead copied into RNA

they are green plastids that contain chlorophyll. It is the site of photosynthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are tubular membranes for communication across the cytoplasm. It is the site of protein synthesis. ER has no ribosomes and rough ER does.

They are cavities in cells that contain a liquid called vacuolar sap or cell sap. They store organic acids, salts, anthocyanins (blue, purple, red), metabolic wastes, enzymes and metabolites.

DNA = double helix chain of sugar-phosphates
(deoxyribo-sugar-phosphates) connected by nucleic acids

RNA = a single stranded chain of sugar-phosphates (ribo-sugar-phosphates) containing nucleic acids

DNA = adenine+thymine and guanine+cytosine

RNA = adenine+uracil and guanine+cytosine

Transcription= The process by which DNA is copied to RNA

Translation= RNA is used to produce proteins

Plants with desirable traits can be generated from a single plant.

cutting off a piece of a plant and placing it in conditions where it becomes self sustaining and develops its own roots (in water or in soil). Must form adventitious roots.

Propagation technique where roots are formed prior to the stem being removed from the parent plant. also can be done with air layering. must form adventitious roots.

Grafting and budding: joining parts of plants so they continue growth as one plant. Calluses must form on wounds so the plant is whole and fully connected

Dividing the roots of a large plant and separating it into multiple small ones. Must form shoots and adventitious roots.

Small pieces of plant tissue grown on sterile
media under aseptic conditions. Must grow in unnatural environment

A mixture of two or more variations of plant DNA within one plant.

the maturity and size of the graft sample to the tree

when cut, the bark easily lifts or peels in one uniform layer from the underlying wood without tearing

Rootstock is the base and root portion of grafted plants

A scion, the flowering and/or fruiting part of the plant, is grafted onto rootstock

inarching, bridge grafting, and brace grafting

whip or tongue graft, splice graft, and saddle graft

side grafting, cleft grafting, notch (wedge, or saw-kerf) grafting, bark or inlay graft, approach graft, and topworking

Slipping means that, when cut, the bark easily lifts or peels in one uniform layer from the underlying wood without tearing

T-bud, inverted T-bud, I-bud, patch bud, ring bud, flute bud. basically taking off the outer layer of bark and putting it on the new tree

chip bud- taking a chunk out of the tree and placing it in a new tree

Small pieces of plant tissue grown on sterile
media under aseptic conditions. Plants grow rapidly, have a higher chance of producing a seed, and have less disease transmission

advantages- produces large numbers in a short amount of time and with high variation

disadvantages- unpredictable numbers of seed production and difficult to germinate

Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. (self-pollination on the same plant)

Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species. (pollinating a different plant)

union of one male gamete (1N) with one female gamete (1N) to produce a zygote (2N), plus the union of one male gamete (1N) with two polar nuclei (1N each) to produce an endosperm (3N); occurs only in angiosperms (flowering plants)

the number of sets of chromosomes present in the nucleus of the cell (also study the picture!!)

a fertilized egg; half of the chromosomes from egg (female) and half from pollen (male)

zygote develops into the embryo of the seed: which a small hybrid embryonic plant

development of an embryo without fertilization; hence; it is not true sexual propagation even though it produces a seed; Citrus is a noted example

germination of seeds inside the fruit while still attached to the parent plant

quiescence- state of suspended growth of the embryo or a resting condition (needs water)

dormancy- state that requires a special event or “trigger” before the embryo can resume growth (needs fire, scarification, cold)

stratification- Requires seeds to be stored in a moist, aerated medium at chilling temperatures for
a certain period of time

scarification- Physical or chemical abrasion of seed
coat. Seeds will not imbibe water until the
outer layer of cells are treated

study this picture!!

temperature, light, soil moisture, and pH levels

plant hardiness zones are based on average minimum temperature. There are 13 zones that are divided evenly into 10 degree increments

A microclimate is the distinctive climate of a small-scale area, such as a garden, park, valley or part of a city. Environmental factors such as mountains, rocks, or wind affect each microclimate differently.

chilling- Injury that occurs ABOVE freezing; 32-50 degrees F (0-10 degrees C)

freezing- Injury that occurs below 32 degrees F
(0 degrees C). Freezing injury can occur in absence
of frost

frost- Frost can occur when air temperature is above freezing (38 degrees F)

Based on the average number of days over 86 degrees F. 86 degrees F is point plants often begin to experience physiological damage

photosynthesis- Harvesting of light energy and conversion into a usable chemical form of energy (glucose) = CONVERSION and STORAGE of energy.

respiration- Use or oxidation of stored carbon compounds (glucose) to provide energy for growth and
plant maintenance = USE of STORED ENERGY
forms ATP

photorespiration- Reduction in carbon fixation capability seen in C3 plants when internal leaf oxygen levels increase = inefficient photosynthesis

light- light/ water —> oxygen

dark- carbon dioxide —> carbohydrates

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. occurs in the chloroplast

Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria

Chloroplasts are concentrated in palisade layer. Upper 40% of the cross section of a leaf

Water loss from a plant, mostly through stomata. Transpiration rates are higher when the relative humidity of air is low, which can occur due to windy conditions or when the temperatures are high

the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants

the movement of materials from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant

C3- most plants, ex. Tropical foliage plants, tomatoes, apples

C4- Some grasses, ex. Corn, sorghum

CAM- Many desert plants, succulents, cacti

light quality and quantity, ambient CO₂ concentration, temperature and water availability

sand, silt, and clay

The numbers and lines on the triangle dictate the % of sand, silt and clay in the soil

large particles- more are space, less capacity to hold water

small particles- less air space, more compact and capacity to hold water

advantages- CAN promote extra growth and provide nutrients to plants. it is cheap and natural

disadvantages- if it has the wrong combination/ balance of minerals, it can result in nutrient deficiencies and stunt growth. can cause pest and disease problems

rain hitting bare soil, foot traffic, tillage (human interference on soil for agricultural purposes)

No-till farming is an agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage. No-till farming decreases the amount of soil erosion tillage causes in certain soils, especially in sandy and dry soils on sloping terrain