HL Geography - Option C: Extreme Environments

how ice accumulates and melts on a glacier which determines whether a glacier advances or retreats

a shape left behind by the glacier with a misfit stream

an amphitheater-like valley formed by glacial erosion characterized by deep, wide basins with very steep concave walls at its head as well as sides.

a narrow ridge of rock that separates two valleys

a feature formed at the beginning of a glacier when the initial ice mass becomes too heavy and breaks away from its base

dome shaped hills common in periglacial areas characterized by permafrost and a seasonally changing active layer. At the core is an ice lens, and the surface layer made of soil

symmetrical pattern of geometric shapes formed by the deformation of ground material in periglacial regions.

when land mass moves down a slope due to freeze-thaw activity

vertical masses of ice that penetrate down, formed as a result of the large amounts of ground ice present

an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region forcing it to become a desert

a naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom as a result of wind erosion

sections of a plateau eroded away by water that are wider than they are tall

eroded mesas that are taller than they are wide

aeolian sands (sand moved by wind) trapped by barriers begins to build up

a lake which lies on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

the Aral Sea has lost (…) of it’s original surface area

the number of fish species that have gone extinct in the Aral Sea

the amount of salt which has been lifted from the Aral Sea

Dam constructed by Kazakhstan across a narrow stretch of the Aral Sea, splitting off the North Aral Sea from the much larger South Aral Sea.

length and cost of the Kokaral Dam constructed by Kazakhstan

a semi-arid zone stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in West Africa to the Red Sea

estimated growth of the Sahara as the Sahel dries

Niger’s biggest mineral export

the amount of Uranium extracted in Niger in 2006

the French company owner of the biggest mine in the North of Niger

Uranium represents (…) of Niger’s total exports

Resource extraction represents (…) of Niger’s GDP

the amount of water estimated to be extracted in the next 40 years in Niger for Resource extraction

an oil transportation system spanning Alaska that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez

the approximate length of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)

the cost to construct the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)

the TAPS pipeline has shipped almost (…) barrels of oil as of (…)

the percentage of Alaska’s revenue which comes from the petroleum industry

The size of a spill caused by a crack in the TAPS pipeline in 2009