Studied by 40 peopleWhat are the dendrites?
They are "branches" that extend from the cell body that receive chemical messages via NT's
What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is the center of the cell, and it contains genetic info
What is the axon hillock?
Stores information from the cell body and decides threshold and all-or-nothing potential
What is the myelin sheath?
It's a layer of fat that insulates and surrounds the axon. Also increases the speed of action potential
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Spaced gaps in the myelin sheath the allow ion exchange that help action potential "jump" across gaps
What is the axon?
An extension from the cell body that sends electrical messages/action potential from the cell body to the neuron
What is the axon terminal?
The end of an axon that leads to terminal bodies which contain NT's in vesicles that are released into the synapse
Where exactly are "interneurons" located?
The central nervous system
Why does the resting potential of a neuron exist?
Polarization
What is the resting pause that follows an action potential?
Refactory period
Is Glutamate an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory.
Is Epinephrine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory..
Is Dopamine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Both
Is Acetylcholine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory...
Is Norepinephrine an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Excitatory....
Is GABA an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory.
Is Serotonin an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory..
Are Endorphins an Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Inhibitory...
Which NT is involved in muscle contractions? It's found in ALL motor neurons.
Acetylcholine
Which NT is the same as the adrenaline hormone and boosts arousal/alertness?
Epinephrine
Which NT is a major part of the body's reward center and boosts mood?
Dopamine
Which NT is the "feel good" hormone and boosts mood?
Serotonin
Which NT is in the digestive track and gives you feelings of satisfaction after eating?
Serotonin
Which NT is the most excitatory in the system?
Glutamate
Which NT is the most inhibitory in the system?
GABA
Which NT blocks pain from getting through receptors and is similar to many opioids like heroin and morphine?
Endorphins
Which NT helps you relax/fall asleep and lessens anxiety?
GABA
Which NT's reuptake is inhibited by SSRI's (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) like Prozac and Zoloft?
Serotonin
Do antagonists block or mimic NT's?
Block
Do agonists block or mimic NT's?
Mimic
Where is the frontal lobe located?
On the front of the brain
Where is the parietal lobe located?
In the middle of the brain
Where is the occipital lobe located?
The back of the brain
Where is the temporal lobe located?
The front/middle bottom of the brain
Where is the cerebellum located?
The back bottom of the brain
Where is the brain stem located?
The bottom of the brain connecting it to the spinal cord
What does the frontal lobe control?
Behaviors like planning and initiating movement, social and emotional processing, and attention. Also retrieving and storing memories
What does the temporal lobe control?
Recognizing and understanding words and language. Visual memories
What does the occipital lobe control?
Visual perception and visual short-term memory
What does the parietal lobe control?
Sensing touch, spatial processing, language, memory, and attention.
What does the brain stem control?
Auto functions like breathing, heart rate, body temp, and sleep cycles.
What does the limbic system control?
Emotions, learning, and memory
What are the three parts of the frontal lobe?
Prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, and Broca's area
What are the two parts of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex and Wenicke's area
What is the one part of the occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex
What is the one part of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory cortex
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What are the three parts of the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
What part of the brain includes the hypothalamus; controls thirst, hunger, etc?
Limbic system
What part of the brain is the connecting link between the hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus callosum
What part of the brain is the relay station directly above the hypothalamus?
Thalamus
What part of the brain regulates the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What part of the brain is the middle part of the hindbrain that controls reflexes?
Medulla
What part of the brain is part of the hindbrain and is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
If you are shot in the head and your breathing and heartbeat stop immediately, what part was affected?
Medulla
If a child's growth is stunted because a part of his brain isn't releasing enough growth hormones, what area is controlling that?
Pituitary gland
If you see someone scary, what system of nerves would arouse your body into action?
Limbic
When someone is intoxicated and has problems with motor coordination and balance, what part of the brain controls that?
Cerebellum
If an old man has a stroke that damages a portion of his cortex, causing weakness and partial paralysis in his right leg, what area was affected?
Left motor (frontal lobe)
A man contracts a brain infection which causes him to not be able to store new long-term memories. Which part of the brain was damaged?
Hippocampus
A woman's car was t-boned and she damaged her temporal lobe. What abilities will be affected?
Memories and/or language comprehension
What NT seems most closely related to the pleasure cocaine produces and it's addictive qualities?
Dopamine
Grandpa Albert has developed Alzheimer's, what NT is he lacking?
Acetylcholine
What part of the nervous system slows heart rate and breathing down to normal?
Parasympathetic
A woman starts losing all of her senses. What single part of the brain is involved in all of these sensory processes?
Thalamus
What aspect of behavior is likely to be impaired if a man is struck by lightning in the back of his head (occipital lobe)?
Visual signals
What part of the brain that is related to sleep could be affected by a head-and-neck injury?
Pons
Disturbance of what specific part of the brain can result in an inability of the brain to regulate normal alertness?
Brain stem
What part of the brain regulates extreme fear and anger?
Amygdala
If someone has trouble understanding what people are saying to them and they can speak but not be understood, what part of the brain has been damaged?
Wernicke's area
What does acetylcholine control?
Learning, muscle action, and memory
What does a lack of acetylcholine cause?
Alzheimer's
What does a surplus of acetylcholine cause?
Cramps, muscle weakness, paralysis
What does dopamine control?
Pleasure, movement, learning, attention, and emotion
What does a lack of dopamine cause?
Parkinson's
What does a surplus of dopamine cause?
Schizophrenia
What does serotonin control?
Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal
What does a lack of serotonin cause?
Severe depression, food cravings, and aggressive behavior
What does a surplus of serotonin cause?
Mild shivering, severe fever, seizures
What does norephinephrine control?
Concentration, alertness, and arousal
What does a lack of norepinephrine cause?
ADHD
What does a surplus of norepinephrine cause?
Anxiety, high blood pressure, and organ stress
What does GABA control?
Calming (anxiety, stress, and fear)
What does a lack of GABA cause?
Dementia and epilepsy
What does a surplus of GABA cause?
Not enough brain activity, hypersomnia, daytime sleepiness
What do Endorphins control?
Euphoria, feelings of arousal
What does a lack of endorphins cause?
Aches, pain, depression, and mood swings
What does a surplus of endorphins cause?
Euphoria and increased appetite
What does Glutamate control?
Memory, cognition, and mood regulation
What does a lack of glutamate cause?
Insomnia, concentration problems, mental exhaustion
What does a surplus of glutamate cause?
Brain damage during potential strokes
What are the two nervous systems?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Autonomic and Somatic
What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Does the Sympathetic Nervous System arouse or calm?
Arouse
Does the Parasympathetic Nervous System arouse or calm?
Calm
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
Enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
Dual self-regulating system that influences our glands and muscles of our internal organs
I say Neurotransmitters, you say??
Hormones!
Note
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