FLHD 1500 Exam #1

What is the purpose of theories in human development?

To understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. A frame work for explaining patterns and problems.

What is the Scientific method and what are the steps?

Question and an observation, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report the results. The scientific method is a process to turn an idea into a theory or proven fact

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive means to introduce something into the environment to receive a desired effect.

Behaviorism vs. Classical conditioning vs. Social learning theory vs. Psychoanalytic theory

Behaviorism: What a person does rather than what a person thinks or feels

Classical Conditioning: Repeated practice and process

Psychoanalytic theory: Emphasizes unconscious wishes and becomes an observable behavior

Social learning: The influence others have on a specific person (learning though observation)

Cross sectional vs. Longitudinal research

Cross sectional: In which groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age

Longitudinal: Repeated data on the same individuals as the age

What are chromosomes what how many do we have?

Chromosomes are units that contain instructions called genes. We have 46 chromosomes

Monozygotic vs. DIzygotic twins

Monozygotic twins are identical twins that split from the same zygote early in the development process

Dizygotic twins are two separate ova are fertilized at the same time. This is also known as fraternal twins

Nature vs Nurture

Nature refers to the influences of genes that people inherit

Nurture refers to the environmental influences starting with the diet fed to the embryo, down to the human’s community, culture, family, etc.

Breast vs. Bottle feeding:

It’s more sterile, digestible, and rich in nutrients when received from the mother. Allergies and asthma are less common in children who were breast fed and other things as well such as this example

What is the percentage of fertilized eggs that make it to birth?

40%. 60% fail to grow or survive

What is the rouge test?

Put rouge on the baby and put them in front of the mirror and they don’t recognize that it is themselves in the mirror. Put the baby back in front of the mirror when older white the same test, and they will recognize it is them they are seeing in the mirror

What does the rouge test, test?

It tests the development of the brain and the self awareness of the baby

What test do we use to gauge newborn health?

The Apgar score

Newborn sleep:

Growth to make neuro pathways. They are consistently taking in information and need processing time. Hence why they sleep for 18-20 hours a day

What is child directed speech?

The character at which an adult interacts with a baby using their voice. Most often resulted in a high pitch voice

Difference between sensing and perceiving

Sensing is to receive information from the outside world, while perception is making sense of the information received

Social referencing vs. Stanger wariness vs. Seperation Anxiety

Social referencing: The baby observing those around them learning how they should interact with those around them

Stranger wariness: An infants expression of concern - a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person

Separation Anxiety: An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months

Shaken baby syndrome

A life threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth. A motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Post-partum depression

The deep sadness and inadequacy felt by some new mothers in the days and weeks after giving birth

What are the first three stages of Piaget’s theory?

Sensorimotor intelligence, pre operational thinking, concrete operational thinking

What are the first three stages of Erikson’s theory?

Trust vs. mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Initiative vs. guilt

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype: The collection of an individuals genes. An organism’s entire genetic inheritance

Phenotype: The observable characteristics of a person including things such as appearance and personality

What is socioeconomic status?

A persons position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, etc.

What is the age of viability?

The age is 22 weeks after conception at which the fetus may survive outs the mother’s uterus

What determines eye, skin, and hair color?

Melanin expresses these colors. The higher the concentration, the darker eyes, skin, and hair color become

Who is Piaget?

He theorized how the Brian levels up and develops. He studied the sensory and motor intelligence of humans

Who is Freud?

An Austrian physician who treated patients suffering from illness. Also studied how our subconscious drives who we are

Who is Pavlov?

He developed the ecological system of behaviorism

Who is Skinner?

Talks about reinforcement and how that shapes our behavior

Who is Bronfrenbrenner?

He developed the ecological systems approach

Who is Vygotsky

He developed the social structure theory for child development

What are epigenetics?

Genetics given to me or anyone else through their parents shared genes (Also nature vs. nurture)

What are ecological systems?

The things that affect who we are. Family, religion, peer groups, etc.

What is the dynamic systems approach?

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being

How people interact with other people, and do so continuously over time, each interaction affecting the other

What is a Cohort?

A group defined by the shared age of its members who move through life together. They share the same historical event and cultural shifts

Define socioeconomic status (SES)

A person’s position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and a place of residence

Explain the cognitive theory

Theory of human development that focuses on the changes in how people think over time

What is evolutionary theory?

The process by which genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected and over generations becoming more frequent

What is the Apgar scale?

A test given to a newborn ager birth. A scale of 1-10

What are polygenic genes?

A trait influenced by many genes

Define a genome

The full set of genes; instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

Multifactorial?

A trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental

What is a teratogen?

Any outside factor that can contribute to a birth abnormality

Stages for the growth of a baby while in the ovary

Germinal, embryonic, fetal, birth

What is a gross motor skill?

The physical ability involving large body movements

What are fine motor skills?

The physical abilities involving small body movements