IB History Paper 2 - Authoritarian States and Cold War

- War Guilt Clause
- Military restrictions (100,000 men, 6 battleships, no air force)
-no Anschluss (alliance w Austria)
- pay Reparations
- reduce German territory
- establish the League of Nations

- hyperinflation
- political instability
- violence
- unhappy citizens
-unpopular government

- left wing movement, started a revolution in Berlin
-led by Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Leibknicht
-crushed by Weimar government, Freikorps right wing militia

- political instability (Munich Putch, Kapp Putch)
- hyperinflation
- invasion of the Ruhrland

- Hitler helped organise the Munich Putsch
- happened to overthrow the Weimar Republic for signing the Treaty of Versailles
- the attempt failed
- Hitler was arrested for treason and put in jail

- Hitler was arrested
- sentenced to jail for 5 years but released after 9 months
-trial made him famous, wrote Mein Kampf in jail

- Germany managed to pay the first round of reparations but couldn't pay the second due to inflation
- the French were determined to enforce the treaty
- French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr
- the workers at the Ruhr went on strike
- the government had to pay the workers so that they recieve an income

to prevent an economic crisis in Germany, the USA lent money to Germany to help it to pay its reparations

reduce Germany's reparations bill

G. was hit badly by the depression. German leaders struggled to solve high unemployment, poverty, and chaos. Hitler claimed that he could solve these problems, and get back land lost under the TOV.

- Expand German territory
- Go against terms of the Treaty of Versailles
- Defeat Communism
- Rebuild German industry, military

-Began secret rearmament
-SA + SS meant already over 100k men
-withdrew from L of N

-1934
-Mussolini allied w Br and Fr in Stresa Front to block Hitler, because he wanted Sudtirol

-1935
- the Saar was given to the League in the Treaty of Versailles
- People of Saar voted to join Germany, not France (Hitler's propaganda helped win)

- Hitler took his biggest risk yet and marched troops into Rhineland
- France was worried, wanted to act, but Britain refused to help them

- Franco and right-wing rebels revolted against the government
- eventually succeeded, established Right wing gov
- Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco win

- They mostly didn't interfere, created "Non Interventionist" plan
- France supplied the Republicans with weapons because they were against Franco whom Hitler supported

- Germany: sent airplanes and pilots; helped Franco to move his troops; helped to bomb civilians
- Italy: sent thousands of Italian troops

-Mussolini and Hitler became closer
- Hitler now believed that Britain will stay neutral because of non-intervention
- Hitler was convinced that he could totally reverse the Treaty of Versailles
- the USSR began to distrust Britain and France because they didn't do anything to prevent this

- the Nazi party had a lot of support
- Hitler encouraged Austrians to create problems for their government: protests, rallies, riots

-Mussolini supported him
-Britain and France, League weakened by Spanish Civil War, Abyssinian Crisis

- Austria had more soldiers, iron and gold
- broke the Treaty of Versailles: proved that it had flaws and that Britain and France were unprepared to go to war

- giving into Hitler's demands (keeping someone happy by giving them what they want)
- main policy of the British government; many people supported this

- military reasons: wanted Germany to be able to fight Communists (in East- USSR)
- economic reasons: thought strong German economy could help
- felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair
- fear of another war- memory of WWI disaster

Area of Czechoslovakia with many ethnic German people.

- Chamberlain, Mussolini, Daladier (Fr) flew over to meet Hitler
- Hitler claimed to make his demands less strong (only wanted a part of Sudetenland)
- Chamberlain thought that Hitler will be satisfied if he got what he wanted
- France and Britain gave Czechoslovakia a plan to only give a part of Sudetenland to Germany

- the Czechs felt betrayed that they weren't consulted
- Europe was relieved that a war was avoided
- Chamberlain was considered a hero in Britain for ensuring peace
- A few months later Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia anyway, made Br and Fr look naive

- head of the state
- stayed out of day-to-day government
- had emergency power (did not have to consult the Reichstag)
- selects the chancellor
- controls the army

- responsible for day-to-day government but he needed the support of half the Reichstag

- the system of proportional representation
- Article 48 gave the president the ability to rule the country directly
- the president controlled both the army and the chancellor (had a lot of power)

- Germany found the reparations hard to pay
- France was determined to make Germany pay
- January 1923: French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr (richest industrial area of Germany)
- took over factories and coal mines (permitted by the Treaty of Versailles)
- German public were furious
- Weimar government could do little to stop it; the idea of being "stabbed in the back" returned; Weimar government seemed weak

- reached its peak in November 1923
- in August a new chancellor was appointed (Stresemann)
- he called a stop to passive resistance in the Ruhr so that the government does not have to pay for the workers
- introduced a new temporary currency (Rentenmark) to bring the inflation down and stabilize the economy
- helped negotiate Dawes Plan

- he focused on nationalist ideas which Germans were passionate about
- he blamed Germany's problems on scapegoats:
- the Allies
- the November Criminals
- Communists
- Jews

- his political opponents tried to disrupt his meetings by beating up the Nazis
- to protect the Nazis, he formed the SA
- the SA was used to attack Communists and disrupt their meetings

- 1923- Hitler and the Nazi party marched on a beer hall at Kahr's speech
- forced him to get off the auditorium at gunpoint

- Hitler was arrested
- Hitler did not have enough support
- had jail time of 9 months for treason and wrote Mein Kampf

- after he was released from prison, he began to change the Nazis so they could win elections
- he copied the strategies of the communists and set up local recruit members
- he set up youth organizations (Hitler Youth, Nazi Students' League)
- the Nazis won 32 seats in the 1924 election

- He was anti-Communist
- Used the SA to beat up Communist workers trying to go on strike

- 1925: enlarged the SA
- created the SS (fanatically loyal to Hitler)
- party members increased by 100,000 by 1928
- hired Joseph Goebbels to be the Nazi propaganda minister
- appeal to feelings rather than logic

- bankers and businessmen lost entire fortunes
- they asked Germany to repay all the loans under the Dawes Plan
- nearly the whole German economy depended on those loans

- Scapegoat- not your fault! Blame Jews and Communists
- unemployed? join the army!
- reparations? get rid of the Treaty of Versailles!
- indecisive government? get a strong leader!

- after the Reichstag elections, the Nazis were the largest party
- Hitler demanded that Hindenburg made him chancellor
- Hindenburg did not trust Hitler
- kept the current chancellor (von Papen)
- von Papen ran into trouble and had no support in the Reichstag so another election was called

- Nazis won the most seats again (but with 2 million votes and 38 seats fewer)
- Hitler thought that this was a disaster as the Germans were getting tired of the Nazis and they were running out of money
- Hitler considered suicide

- Hindenburg and von Papen held secret meetings with army leaders and factory owners
- made Hitler chancellor because he was popular in the Reichstag and wanted to control communists
- they thought they could control Hitler and his extreme ideas
- only a few Nazis were allowed in the cabinet
- von Papen was vice-chancellor

- Dutch Communist burned down the Reichstag (alone? problems w evidence)
-Hitler used as 'proof' of int'l Communist threat
-Got temporary emergency powers, banned Communists, set up first concentration camps
-Called for more elections, still didn't get 50%

- March 1933- Nazis took used the SA and SS to intimidate Reichstag members into signing the Enabling Act
- Act allowed Hitler to make laws without consulting the Reichstag
- Hindenburg could not stop him under the Act
- Hitler could do anything he wanted

- some decided to escape from Germany
- others were taken to concentration camps run by the SS

- army leaders were suspicious of the SA
- Rohm (SA head) wanted them to be the second German army
- had 4 million men under his control
- potential enemy (as he had a lot of power)
- was homosexual

- June 29-30, 1934: Hitler commanded the SS to break into the homes of the leaders of the SA and arrest them
- Hitler accused Rohm of planning to murder him and take power
- 400 people including Rohm were executed over the weekend; 1000 others were arrested

Position Hitler created after Hindenburg died (1934) combining powers of President and Chancellor.

- August 2, 1934: entire army swore loyalty to Hitler
- army agreed to stay out of politics in exchange for Hitler putting a lot of money into rearmament

- Hitler's Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda (believed that Hitler was the savior of Germany)
- had to pay close attention to the public's mood and decide what they should and should not hear
- number one goal was to make people loyal to Hitler

- held every summer
- huge rallies, meetings, parades and speeches by Hitler
- brought excitement into people's lives
- made them feel like they belonged to a great movement
- reminded people of Germany's military strength
- well organized to show how the Nazis brought stability to Germany

- books: cannot be published without permission; organized book burnings
- artists: only Nazi approved painters; paintings or sculptures of heroic looking Aryans, military figures or an "ideal" Aryan family, other art 'degenerate'
- newspapers: anti-Nazi content was banned; Jewish editors and journalists shut down;
- cinema: must convey a Nazi message; full of the greatness of Hitler such as 'Triumph of the Will', censored foreign films
- music: banned jazz music because it was "black music"
- radio: made cheap radios to distribute; controlled all stations; banned listening to the BBC; put loudspeakers for people who did not own radios; put radios on repeat to enforce ideas

- helped Goebbels to close down anti-Nazi newspapers and writers
- helped catch someone listening to foreign radio stations (particularly the BBC)

- 1933: Hitler signed an agreement (Concordat) with the Pope saying that the Catholics can keep their schools if they stayed out of politics
- 2/3 of Germans were Christians; Hitler could not lose their support
- Churches had to display swastikas on their altars
- Hitler tried combining all Protestant churches into one Reich church (failed)
- many Protestants were faithful to their own churches and not the government one

German Labour Front- replaced all other labour unions, helped Nazis control workers

Mandatory 6 month working service for all young men. Gave them a low salary, but a uniform, sense of purpose, and a chance to brainwash them

Nazi highway system, built by low wage Reich Labour Service and helped rebuild German economy.

- Jews
- gypsies
- Communists; Spartacists
- mentally and physically challenged
- homosexuals
- poor and homeless
- alcoholics
- prostitutes
- pacifists
- criminals

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring - forced sterilization
- "euthanasia" killings

Series of laws starting in 1935 which placed various, increasing restrictions on Jewish population, including banning relations with 'Aryans', blocking Jews from certain jobs, and eventually forcing them to wear the Star of David, register their address, give up possessions.

Nazi secret police. Responsible for locating political opponents and later for finding Jews.

Prison camps set up by the SS. Originally used for Communists and political opponents, then after WW2 began used for Jewish, Slavic, homosexuals, and other 'non-Aryans'

Plan developed at the Wannsee Conference in 1942 to try to kill all of the Jewish population of Europe.

From 1942, camps designed to kill as many people as fast as possible. Used for most of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe, but also other 'non-Aryans'.

- Hitler's idea that ethnic Germans and northern Europeans were superior to other races

- hatred of the Jews
- for thousands of years, Jews faced persecution all over Europe
- one reason was that some Christians blamed Jews for the death of Jesus
- another reason was because Jews were well-educated and rich (traditionally they were money lenders)

- 1938: young Jew murdered a German diplomat in Paris
- Nazis used this as an excuse to take revenge on Jews in Germany
- a riot was organized by the SS who smashed Jewish businesses and synagogues were burned
- 91 Jews were murdered; 20,000 taken to concentration camps
- many ran away from Germany
- many Germans were concerned about Kristallnacht but few protested
- those who protested were executed

- nobody wanted to lose their jobs
- worried if they didn't do as told they couldn't feed their family
- the Depression was tough, nobody wanted to experience it again
- businesses had to give money to the Nazis for fear of being boycotted

- Critics were sent to concentration camps
- Difficult to organize opposition with Gestapo
- Felt like Nazis controlled everything, impossible to resist

- used to control access to information
- Germans usually never knew bad news
- all messages had pro-Nazi biases
- Hitler's image was highly supported
- even when they were losing the war, many Germans still respected him

- Germans were supposed to see themselves as part of a national community
- workers, farmers and businessmen would not see themselves as separate groups; they saw themselves as German

- loyal to Hitler, not your social group
- belong to a great nation of racially and culturally pure people
- put the country's interests before your own

- marry young to an Aryan man
- keep a perfect home
- have a lot of children
- Three K's- kids, church, kitchen

Gave loans to families with more kids, eventually gave prizes to women that had more than 4 children.

- when Hitler came to power, female doctors and civil servants were fired
- later on female teachers and lawyers were also fired
- couples with women who were working could not get government loans

- every subject emphasized loyalty to the Nazis, racial superiority and nationalism
- teachers took loyalty oaths
- religious education ended
- sports was emphasized
- girls took home making classes

- German army was stabbed in the back by weak politicians who signed the Treaty of Versailles
- the crises of 1923 were caused by the Jews
- when you graduated, you felt loyal and thankful to Hitler

- eugenics (study of selective breeding for desired characteristics in humans)
- social darwinism (study of why the Aryan race was more superior than others)
- untermenschen (study of sub-human races; in this case it was the Jews and East Europeans)

- Nazi ideas were emphasized
- non-Nazi youth groups were banned
- membership became mandatory in 1939
- many young people joined because of the interesting activities

- basic military training
- brainwashing of Nazi ideas
- running, hiking and tracking were popular
- went on camping trips where they learned to shoot, clean rifles and read maps

- learned how to be good mothers
- cooking
- sewing
- managing a household budget
- went on sports holidays
- encouraged to have lots of children

The Korean War froze Sino-American relations into a pattern of hostility that would last two decades

It shifted the Cold War to be more focused on Asia and the resumption of limited, conventional warfare.
-It spread the threat of Communism to Korea

1949 the People's Republic of China (Mao's Communist Party) was formed after winning the Chinese Civil War against U.S.-supported Nationalists
(U.S. then suddenly saw Japan as a potential ally)

Effective in April 1948, it was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II

- Jan. 1953
-He made veiled threats to expand the Cold War...perhaps with nuclear weapons

The attack posed a direct challenge to the UN's ability to resist aggression.

It led to the US's decision to support South Korean troops which ultimately began America's crusade to contain Communism in the third world.

An Armistice agreement was signed in June 1953 which said Korea would remain divided along the 38th parallel

A program designed primarily to combat the spread of Communism in the third world by ameliorating the effects of poverty

(1) 1950
(2) a new secret strategy based on the premise that a defeat of free institutions anywhere was a defeat everywhere
(3) the threat of the spread of Communism / to support the French position in Vietnam (part of the revised containment strategy)
(4) helped the US be the policemen of the world
- said a USSR nuclear threat could be countered by a hydrogen bomb
- assumed the USSR would promote /support satellite states
- increased U.S. defense spending

- the oceans no longer offered them much protection from attack
-the USSR (+ communism) was a growing threat
-the USSR was building an atomic bomb

(1) The Soviet atomic bomb
(2) an alliance that held that if the U.S. again withdrew into isolation, Western Europe would fall to the USSR and the situation would require U.S. intervention
(3) 1949

Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1950 (USSR promised aid ($$) to China)

The US branded China as an international aggressor, imposed a tighter economic embargo on trade with the Chinese, and banished any thought of giving the communists China's seat in the UN

-The Korean War seemed to confirm European fears that the Soviets were prepared to use their satellite states to fight proxy wars against the West in the Cold War
- through the North Atlantic Treaty, the US was now firmly committed to come to the assistance of Western Europe in the event of a Soviet attack

- agreeing to build a 96 division Ground Force to counter the Soviet military presence in Eastern Europe
- strengthening NATO's Mediterranean flank by accepting Greece and Turkey as full alliance members in 1952
-Providing an additional four billion dollars of military assistance in fiscal year 1951 to help European allies rearm

-the Movement Included 29 countries which agreed to resist colonialism and imperialism in all forms and promoted Afro-Asian co-operation
-Nasser (leader of Egypt in 1954) was a primary leader of the N.A. Movement who sought to remove Western influence from the Middle East and was known as the father of Arab nationalism