Unit 4 AP Psychology

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

learning that certain events occur together.

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)

the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction

the "learned" behavior or response

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.

the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.

behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat

a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.

an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.

environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)

object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

a signal to which an organism responds

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

the frequency and regularity with which rewards are offered; they can be based on a number of target behaviors (ratio) or on a time interval (interval); types include: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

the perception that you control your own fate

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

learning by observing others; also called social learning