UNIT 1 TIMELINE                                                           .

1348 - Black Death Ravages Europe

c. 1359 - Petrarch’s Letters to the Ancient Dead

14th century: Humanism develops

14th c: Giotto pioneers Renaissance painting style

1429: Joan of Arc leads Battle of New Orleans

1434: Jan Van Eyck paints Arnolfini Portrait

1450 - Printing Press Invented by Gutenberg

1450 - Francesco Sforza becomes Duke of Milan

1453 - Fall of Constantinople

1453 - End of Hundred Years’ War

1469 - Lorenzo the magnificent took power in Florence

1471 - War of the Roses Ends

1486 - Botticelli paints the Birth of Venus

1488 - Bartolomeu Dias Rounds the Cape of Good Hope

C. 1490 - 1527: High Renaissance

1492 - Columbus’s Voyages

1492 - Ferdinand & Isabella Unify Spain

1492 - Rodrigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI

1494 - Italian Wars (French Invasions)

1498 - Da Vinci’s Last Supper

1503 - Pope Julius II assumes the Papal Throne

1504 - Michelangelo’s David finished

1506 - Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

1509 - Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly

1512 - Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel

1513 - Machiavelli publishes The Prince

1516 - Thomas More’s Utopia

1519 - 1522: Magellan’s Crew Circumnavigates the Earth

1519 - Charles V becomes Holy Roman Emperor

1527 - Sack of Rome

1528 - Baldassare Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier

1532 - Fall of the Inca Empire to Pizarro

16th c. Encomienda System created

16th c. Columbian Exchange begins

16th c. Price Revolution & Inflation

1542 - Bartolome de las Casas writes about Spanish mistreatment of natives

                                                               UNIT 2 TIMELINE                                                           .

1309 - 1376: Babylonian Captivity & Beginning of the Sale of Indulgences

1517 - Luther’s 95 Theses

1519 - Leipzig Debate

1521 - Diet of Worms & Luther’s Excommunication

1521 - Henry VIII named “Defender of Faith”

1520s - Luther Translates the Bible into the Vernacular

1529 - Marburg Colloquy

1530 - Augsburg Confession

1531 - Zwingli Killed in Swiss Wars of Religion

1534 - Act of Supremacy in England

1534 - Jesuits Founded by Loyola

1536 - John Calvin publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion

1545 - 1563: Council of Trent

1553 - 1558: Reign of Mary Tudor

1555 - Treaty of Augsburg

1558 - 1603: Reign of Elizabeth I

1566 - Dutch Revolt against Spain begins

1563 - 39 Articles published in England

1572 - St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

1588 - Spanish Armada

1598 - Edict of Nantes

1618 - 1648: Thirty Years’ War

                                                               UNIT 3 TIMELINE                                                           .

1643 - Louis XIV becomes King of France (r. 1643 - 1715)

1648 - Treaty of Westphalia

1603 - Stuart Dynasty begins in England with James I

1625 - 1649: Reign of Charles I

1642 - 1651: English Civil War

1648 - Fronde begins in France

1649 - 1660 - Interregnum under Oliver Cromwell

c. 1650 - Baroque art develops

1651 - Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan

1652 - 1674: Anglo-Dutch Wars

1660 - 1685: Stuart Restoration under Charles II

c. 1660s: Colbert develops French Mercantilist system

1682 - Peter the Great becomes Tsar (r. 1682 - 1725)

1683 - Battle of Vienna

1685 - Edict of Nantes Revoked

1688: Glorious Revolution

1689 - John Locke publishes Two Treatise on Government

1703- St. Petersburg built

1707 - Act of Union forms Great Britain

1713 - Hohenzollerns consolidate Prussia

1713 - Treaty of Utrecht

1721 - Treaty of Nystad

C. 1730 - Enclosure Movement begins

                                                               UNIT 4 TIMELINE                                                           .

1543 - Andreas Vesalius Publishes on the Fabric of the Human Body

1543 - Copernicus proposes Heliocentric theory

1618 - Kepler’s Laws of Motion

1620 - Bacon’s Novum Organum

1633 - Galileo forced to recant his theories by the Inquisition

1637 - Descartes publishes Discourse on Method

1662 - Royal Society of London organized by Charles II

1687 - Newton’s Principia

1702 - Maria Winklemann discovers a comet

1713 - Pragmatic Sanction

1716 - Voltaire exiled from France

1729 - Catherine the Great ascends the throne in Russia (r. 1729 - 1796)

1740 - Frederick the Great rules Prussia (r. 1740 - 1785)

1740 - Invasion of Silesia and beginning of Austrian War of Succession

1748 - Montesqieu’s Spirit of Laws

1751 - Diderot’s Encyclopedia

1759 - Voltaire’s Candide

1759 - Emile du Chatelet translates Newton’s Principia into French

1762 - Rousseau’s Social Contract

1764 - Beccarria’s On Crimes and Punishments

1776 - Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

1781 - Joseph II’s Edict on Tolerance & Emancipation of Austrian Serfs

1792 - Wollstonecraft’s Vindication on the Rights of Women

                                                               UNIT 5 TIMELINE                                                           .

POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT

1600 - British East India Co. establishes trade network

1689 - Glorious Revolution

1721 - 1742: Walpole’s Ministry

1739 - War of Jenkins’ Ear

1740 - 1748: War of the Austrian Succession

1765 - Diplomatic Revolution

1756 - 1763: Seven Years’ War

1757 - Battle of Plassey

1763 - Treaty of Paris

1776 - 1781: American Revolution

FRENCH REVOLUTION

1786 - Calonne propose financial reforms

1787 - Parlements convened by Louis XVI

1789:

May 5 - Convocation of Estates General

June 20 - Tennis Court Oath

July 11 - Necker Dismissed

July 14 - Storming of the Bastille

August - Great Fear & Abolition of Feudal Rights

August 26 - Declaration of the Rights of man & Citizen

October 5 - Women’s March to Versailles

1790:

July: Civil Constitution of the Clergy

1791:

June 21 - Flight to Varennes

August 27 - Declaration of Pillnitz

September - New Constitution ratified

1792:

April - Wars with European powers begin

September 21 - French Republic proclaimed

1793:

January 21 - Louis XVI executed

April 6 - Committee of Public Safety established

August 12 - Levee en Masse

October 5 - Republican Calendar adopted

1794:

June 10 - Law of 22 Prairial

July 28 - Robespierre guillotined

1795 - Thermidorian Reaction begins & Directory established

NAPOLEON

1799 - Napoleon’s coup d’etat

1800 - Napoleon becomes First Consul

1801 - Concordat with the Papacy

1802 - Napoleonic Code

1804 - Napoleon crowned Emperor

1805 - Battle of Trafalgar

1805 - Battle of Austerlitz

1806 - Continental System imposed

1808 - Peninsular War in Spain begins

1812 - Invasion of Russia

1813 - Battle of Leipzig

1814 - 1815: Congress of Vienna

1815 - Hundred Days

1815 - Battle of Waterloo

ART

C. 1740s - 1770s: Rococo Art

C. 1770 - 1820: Neoclassical Art

C. 1800 - 1840s: Romantic Art

                                                               UNIT 6 TIMELINE                                                           .

C. 1700 - Enclosure Movement begins

1701 - Seed Drill patented by Jethro Tull

C. 1730 - Crop Rotation used by Robert “Turnip” Townhsend

C. 1750s - “Turnpike Mania” improves roads

1764 - Spinning Jenny patented by James Hargreaves

1769 - Richard Arkwright’s factory opens

1769 - James Watt patents Steam Engine

1776 - Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

1789 - Thomas Malthus’s Principles on Population

1789 - Jeremy Betham’s idea of Utilitarianism published

1790s - 1810: Canal Mania in England

1800 - Robert Owen establishes New Lanark

C. 1807 - John & William Cockerill bring factories to Belgium

1812 - Luddites smash machines

1815 - Congress of Vienna

1815 - Corn Laws passed

1817 - Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages

1817 - Henri de Saint-Simon’s Declaration of Principles

1819 - Carlsbad Decrees

1819 - Peterloo Massacre & Six Acts

1821 - Greek Independence

1825 - Decembrist Revolt

1829 - Stephenson’s Rocket

1829 - Bobbies established in London

C. 1830s Fourierism (based on ideas of Charles Fourier) spreads to America

1830 - Polish Uprising

1830 - July Days in France

1832 - Great Reform Bill of 1832

1833 - Factory Acts

1834 - Zollverein established

1836 - Chartist Movement begins

1846 - Corn Laws repealed

1848 - Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto

1848 - Revolutions of 1848

1848 - Frankfurt Assembly

1854 - Cholera Epidemic

C. 1850s - Second Industrial Revolution begins

                                                               UNIT 7 TIMELINE                                                           .

1831 - Young Italy est.

1839 - 1842: Opium Wars

1848 - 1851: French Second Republic

1848 - Marx & Engels publish Communist Manifesto

C. 1850 - 1880: Realism in Art

1852 - 1870: French Second Empire

1850s - Hausmann’s redesign of Paris

1851 - Grand Exhibition (Crystal Palace) in London

1853 - 1856: Crimean War

1854 - Treaty of Kanagawa

1856 - Bessemer process invented

1857 - Sepoy Rebellion

1859 - Darwin’s Origin of Species

1859 - John Stuart Mill publishes On Liberty

1859 - 1870: Italian Unification

1861 - Emancipation of the serfs in Russia

1861-1862: discovery of germ theory & pasteurization

1864 - Pope Pius IX publishes Syllabus of Errors

1864 - First Socialist International

1864 - 1871: German Unification

1867 - Ausgleich

1871 - Paris Commune

C. 1870 - 1905: Impressionism in Art

1870s - Social Darwinism emerges

1870s - Bismarck introduces a welfare state

1870s & 1880s: Kulturkampf

1879 - Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

1884 - Berlin Conference

1884 - Britain’s Third Reform Bill

1886 - First Irish Home Rule Bill

C. 1890 - 1914: Art Nouveau

1892 - Sergei Witte begins modernization of Russia

1894 - Dreyfus Affair

1898 - Marie Curie discovers radium

1899 - Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden

1899 - Boer War

1899 - Boxer Rebellion

1900 - Max Planck’s Quantum Theory

1900 - Sigmund Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams

1903 - Emmeline Pankhurst founds the Women’s Political and Social Union (WSPU)

1905 - Bloody Sunday

1905 - Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

1910 - People’s Budget in Britain

                                                               UNIT 8 TIMELINE                                                           .

1870s & 1880s - Nietzsche questions societal values

1882 - Triple Alliance formed

1890s: Post-Impressionism

1890 - Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck

1897: Alfred von Tirpitz’s “Risk Theory” drives naval race

1900 - Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams

1905 - First Moroccan Crisis

1907 - Triple Entente formed

1907: Cubism pioneered by Picasso

1910s: Wassily Kandinsky and others shift to abstract art

1914:

June 28: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

August: Schlieffen Plan & invasion of Belgium

September: First battle of the MArne & trench warfare begins

1915:

April 15: Battle of Gallipoli begins

May 7: Sinking of the Lusitania

May 15: Italy joins the Allies

Franz Kafka publishes Metamorphosis

1916:

February: Battle of Verdun begins

July: Battle of the Somme begins

Dadaism art movement begins

1917:

February: Russian Revolution & abdication of the Tsar

March 1:  Zimmerman Telegram

October: Bolshevik Revolution overthrows the Provisional Government

November 2: Balfour Declaration

1918:

January: Woodrow Wilson presents his 14 Points to Congress

March: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

March: German Spring Offensive

November 11: Armistice signed

1918 - 1921: Russian Civil War

1919:

Treaty of Versailles signed

Bauhaus Architecture develops

John Maynard Keynes publishes the economic Consequences of Peace

1920s:

Existentialism gains popularity

Rise of mass media -- radio & cinema

Unemployment rises

1921: Lenin’s New Economic Policy begins

1922: James Joyce publishes Ulysses using the stream-of-consciousness writing style

October 1922: Mussolini’s March on Rome

1923:

January - August: Ruhr Occupation & German Hyperinflation

July 24: Treaty of Lausanne

November 8-9: Beer Hall Putsch

1924: Dawes Act

1927: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928: Stalin’s First 5 Year Plan

1929: Collectivization in the USSR & Liquidation of the Kulaks

1929: US Great Depression begins

1929: Mussolini’s Lateran Agreement

1930: Freud publishes Civilization and its Discontents

1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor

March 1933: Reichstag Fire & Enabling Act

1931: Britain goes off the Gold Standard

1931: Japan invades Manchuria

1935: Nuremberg Laws

1935: Italy invades Ethiopia

1936: Leon Blum’s Popular Front government

1936 - 1938: Stalin’s Great Purges

1936: Rome-Berlin Axis

1938: Kristallnacht

1938: Munich Conference

August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact

September 1939: Invasion of Poland

April 1940: Auschwitz opened

May - June 1940: Fall of France & establishment of the Vichy Government

July 1940: Battle of Britain

1941: Final Solution agreed upon by Nazi High Command

June 1941: Operation Barbarossa

September 1941 - January 1944: Siege of Leningrad

December 7 1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor

May 1942: Battle of El-Alamein

June 1942: Battle of Midway

August 1942 - February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad

September 1943: Italy Surrenders

November 1943: Tehran Conference

June 6 1944: D-Day

December 1944 - January 1945: Battle of the Bulge

1945

February: Yalta Conference

May: Germany Surrenders

July: Potsdam Conference

August 6 & 9: Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki → Japan Surrenders

                                                               UNIT 9 TIMELINE                                                           .

1941 - Beveridge’s report on the Welfare State in Britain

1946 - Sartre explains Existentialism

1946 - Iron Curtain Speech

1947 - Truman Doctrine

1947 - India Gains Independence

1948 - Marshall Plan

1948 - Creation of Israel

June 1948 - May 1948: Berlin Blockade & Airlift

1949 - NATO created

1949: USSR tests first nuclear bomb -- arms race begins

1949: Second Sex published by Simone de Beauvior

1950 - 1953: Korean War

1954 - Geneva Accords

1954 - National Liberation Front (FLN)  in Algeria Created

1955 - Warsaw Pact created

1956 - uprisings in Hungary and Poland suppressed

1956 - Suez Crisis

1956 - Khruschev’s “Secret Speech”

1957 - Sputnik launched

1957 - Treaty of Rome

1960 - U2 Incident

1960 - many French colonies in Africa gain independence

1961 - Berlin Wall built

1962 - Algerian Independence

1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 - Vatican II

1962 - Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring published

1963 - Kenya Gains Independence

1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident Escalates US Involvement in Vietnam

1968 - Wave of Student Protests Sweep Europe

1968 - Prague Spring

1968 - Brezhnev Doctrine

1972 - Nixon Visits USSR & China: Detente Begins

1972 - SALT I signed

1979 - USSR Invades Afghanistan

1979 - Margaret Thatcher Elected Prime Minister

1980 - Solidarity Movement in Poland Begins

1985 - Gorbachev becomes leader of the USSR: proposes “glasnost” & “perestroika”

1986 - Chernobyl Disaster

1989 - Soviet Satellites Declare Independence

November 1989 - Fall of the Berlin Wall

1990 - Boris Yeltsin elected President of Russia

1991 - Collapse of the USSR & creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States

1991 - Civil War in Bosnia

1992 - 1995: Genocide in Bosnia

1993 - Treaty of Maastricht

1999 - Vladimir Putin elected

2002 - Euro enters circulation

2016 - Brexit approved