Knowt
Development
Development is the process of a country where it improves its quality of life for its people, making its place more independent.
Stages of development:
Least developed countries → developing countries → newly developed countries → Developed countries.
Quality of life is the person’s well-being in terms of environment, security, health and happiness.
Aspects of development
Social:
birth rates
death rates
doctors per 1000
access to healthcare/sanitation
education
life expectancy
calorie intake
religion
Economic:
GDP (per capital)
GNP (per capital)
inflation
unemployment
Technology
access to television
access to radio
access to internet
Political
human rights
governance
justice
decision making
gender equality
Development indicator - a measure of how developed a country is
Types of indicators:
Economic
Gross National Product (GNP) per capita - wealth of a country averaged per person.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita - is the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year divided by the population of the country.
Gross National Product (GNP) - total value of goods and services as well as foreign investments
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - is the total value of goods and services produced within a country per year
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - a measure of the value of a country’s money
Inflation - how prices and goods rise and how it affects development
Unemployment - it affects development in a negative way
Economic structures: proportion or percentage of people in the working class in the various sectors of economy
Primary - domestic
Secondary - industry
Tertiary - service
Quaternary - IT and research
Social
Adult literacy - how many adults in a country can read/write
Primary/Secondary enrollment
birth rate - the number of live births per thousand of population per year:
doctors per 1000 - The number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, per 1 000 population is known as doctors per 1000
gender equality - the state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender:
death rate - measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time
Human Development Index
It was made by the United Nations development plan. It combines economic and social indicators into one indicator. It consists of:
life expectancy
education
GDP
It ranks countries into four ranks:
The ranks
very high - it ranges from 0.8-1.0
high rank - 0.7-0.799
medium - 0.550-0.69
low - 0.549 and below
Mapping development
It is not sensible to say ‘rich north’ or ‘poor south’ as some countries in the north are poor and some in the south are rich
Development gap
It is the widening difference in levels of development between the world's richest and poorest countries. They are classed under:
Historical: Most of the poorest countries were colonised so by the time they were forced out, little or no industry was left.
Environment: Some countries have tricky climates and others have very few natural resources
Social-economic: Wars, conflict, laziness etc
Debt
Debt is when you owe something. It can be in cash or kind. Debt can be internal or external.
Internal: within the country
External: outside the institution and organisations
Tackling the problem of debt: Debt cancelling
MDGs
They are 8 international goals set by the UN by 189 nations in 2000 to free people from extreme poverty. They last for 15 years.
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
MDG 5: Improve maternal health
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
MDG 8: Global partnership for development
SDGs
They were adapted by the UN from the MDGs. They were formulated in 2015 and they focus on the 3Ps (People, Planet, Prosperity)
The goals:
SDG 1: No Poverty
SDG 2: Zero Hunger
SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing
SDG 4: Quality education
SDG 5: Gender equality
SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation
SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy
SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
SDG 10: Reduced inequality
SDG 11: Sustainable cities
SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production
SDG 13: Climate action
SDG 14: Life below water
SDG 15: Life on land
SDG 16: Peace and justice institutions
SDG 17: Partnership for goals
Aid
Aid means assistance
Examples of aid:
Military aid
Technical aid