• The developments in science and technoing change not only the society but also humanity. The relationship between humans and technology the main component to which development t place. The usage of technologies in every facet human life has significantly changed how humans live and behave The advancements in the sciences as well as in technology a continuously altering human life.

Science Defined

• Science is a concept, which originated from the Latin conog scientia that means "knowledge. Science, however, is defined in varied ways:

• A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledg the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe

• The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natura and physical world, or knowledge obtained about the world by watching it carefully and experimenting

• Presentations are communication tools that can be used as speeches, reports, and more.

• It is a system of knowledge covering general truth or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method

Nature of Science

• Science provides ways to explain natural phenomena while relying on observations, evidences and rational explanation. Specifically, it is described as follows:

• Science is subject to change as new evidences are found;

• Science is derived on the observation of the natural world;

• Science is creative;

Science is based on theoretical findings.

Science plays an essential role in relation to the environment, human life, and existence. In significant part, it aims to meet each living thing's basic requirements for survival in a constantly changing world.

• Science explains every aspect of the natural world and its subcomponents. It gives us ways to comprehend how it functions and works.

• Science examines the facts of the present to provide healthier explanations for the world as it is.

• Science seeks ways to solve existing problems confronting human life

• Science helps in the development of technology

The Definition of Technology

• Technology came from the Greek term "Techne" which means art or skill. This term also refers to "Logia" which is the totality of skills.

• Technology refers to the tools and techniques needed to manipulate the environment and uplift human conditions. It is a result of new - found knowledge being applied to engineering or the creation of ways to simplify and hasten human activities. Such may be exemplified by the development of tools and machines to assist man in the performance of daily tasks.

The Purpose of Technology

• Technology simplifies human activities for daily survival.

• Communities are strengthened through technology through the promotion of civic engagement and awareness.

• The goal of technology is to make the environment better so that resources can be preserved for future generations.

• It provides greater sustainability to communities and societies through efficiency in resources such as in the purification of water, manufacturing services and the like,

• Since it raises and improves living standards, technology encourages growth and innovation of civic engagement and awareness.

EUREKA

• Initially, it took us around 12,000 years to learn to cultivate the land and benefit from its fruits.

• Around 4,000 years ago, the wheel was created to facilitate the transfer of materials and people from one area to another in a quicker and easier method. Wheels are very significant in our everyday lives, facilitating transportation and commerce.

• Some 50,000 years ago, humans used stone for hunting and for protection. But most of these stone stools were crude until around 6,000 BC, when the first metal was found and used to create more tools.

• Around 125,000 years ago, humans learned to control fire after much trial and error. Inability to control fire means darkness, cold, and a terrifying environment, especially during the night.

• It was in 3,000 BC that the ability to write and record individual and communal experiences through pictures was developed. These writings have preserved the knowledge of those times. Record keeping became a very important skill in history, especially when paper was invented in China. 6. Between 300 and 200 BC, the Chinese developed the compass, a navigational device that helped in human exploration. This increased sea trade is contributing to the Age of Discovery. 7. Gunpowder, a chemical explosive invented in China in the 9th century, has been a major factor in military technology.

Chapter 2

• The Ancient Egypt - The ancient Egyptians greatly contributed to the developments in science and technology in several ways which include advancements in tools to construct houses, temples, tombs, sculpture of their gods which includes the colossal statues of the famous tomb in the Valley of the Kings for the pharaoh Tutankamun, the Hatshepsut, the rock-cut Egyptian pantheon engineered by Imhotep documented as first engineer, the pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx which pharaoh were built as tombs of pharaohs found in the Nile. These pyramids were built with granite weighing thousands of tons rolled up using simple machines.

• Facts about the Pyramid

  • The Pyramids of Giza were built more than 1,200 years before the rule of King Tut The Great

  • The Pyramids of Giza Have Been Looted By Grave Robbers

  • The Great Pyramid’s Sides are Aligned to the Cardinal Directions The Great Pyramid Has Over 2 Million Blocks of Stone

  • Thousands of People Helped Build the Pyramids of Giza

• Ancient Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization. Its history is marked by many important inventions that changed the world, including the concept of time, math, the wheel, sailboats, maps and writing.

• In Mathematics, The Mesopotamians used the sexagesimal numeral system with the mathematical operations, quadratic and cubic equations, and fractions. They also had understanding of geometry.

• In Astronomy, Mesopotamian priests studied celestial phenomenon through the observatories. They calculated the movements of the sun, moon and planets and were able to foresee solar and lunar eclipses. Using the sundial, the rising of the sun to its setting was recorded.

• In Medicine, The earliest evidence of an understanding of the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions were found in the Code of Hammurabi. Signs and symptoms of illnesses and diseases provided facts that the earliest Mesopotamians had a scientific understanding of what afflicted the human body as early the 18th century BC Medicines were also developed and found.

Ancient Inventions

• Ancient Writing - Considered most significant of all Mesopotamian inventions their writing was known a the cuneiform. This system of writ was invented around 3600-3500 BC. This writing system was used to convey idea on trade and communicate using a too known as the stylus"

• Cuneiform Tablet - This term came from the Latin 'cuneus' for "wedge" as the words wer written by pressing a wedge-like stylus into the clay tablets.

• The Wheel and Sail - The invention of the wheel largel helped in trade and war. The wheel was used largely for the 'potter's wheel', which later wa used for carts, chariots to facilita transportation. The wheel grea helped the Mesopotamians carry heavy load as early as 3500 BCE. This innovation led to major advances in two main areas. First, transport: the wheel began to be used on carts and battle chariots. Second, and more importantly, it contributed to the mechanisation of agriculture (animal traction, crop irrigation) and craft industries (for example, the centrifugal force of the wheel is the basic mechanism in windmills).

Anaximenes - The spread-out, invisible, infinite air condenses and then formed into clouds and precipitates. His ideas became the foundation for understanding the existence of different substances, materials, and elements according to atomic arrangements.

Anaximenes is best known for his doctrine that air is the source of all things. In this way, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff.

Hippocrates - A Greek doctor who developed the tradition of systematic medical science. He became known as the Father of Medicine because in his books, which are more than 70. He described in a scientific manner, many diseases and their treatment after detailed observation. He lived about 2400 years ago.

Ptolemy - One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. However, of all the ancient Greek mathematicians, it is fair to say that his work has generated more discussion and argument than any other. We shall discuss the arguments below for, depending on which are correct, they portray Ptolemy in very different lights. The arguments of some historians show that Ptolemy was a mathematician of the very top rank, arguments of others show that he was no more than a superb expositor, but far worse, some even claim that he committed a crime against his fellow scientists by betraying the ethics and integrity of his profession.

Aristotle - a Greek Philosopher and a very educated man. He was a pupil of Plato's and was the founder of the Lyceum. His view on all subjects was teleological. He recognized purposes apart from and greater then the will of the individual human being. He gained much of his wisdom and knowledge through his experiences and observations.

Aristotle believed that human happiness was the reaction of fulfilling human potentialities. These potentialities can be identified by rational choice, practical judgment, and recognition of the value of choosing the mean instead of extremes. In his view, matter existed to achieve an end and it developed until it achieved its form. There was constant development from matter to form, from potential to actual. Therefore human primitive instincts could be seen as the matter out of which the human's potential as a political being could be realized. Aristotle argued that the polis was a natural growth and that human beings was by nature "an animal who lives in a polis." The polis made humans more dependant to themselves and allowed them to achieve the highest level of there potential. He believed that the purpose of the polis was moral. According to Aristotle, "The end of the state is the good life and for the life lived a life of virtue and morality."

Socrates - a philosopher who taught many young minds. Socrates even taught Plato another great philosopher. This great philosopher lived in the fifth century B.C. Socrates was wrongly accused and sentenced to death, but his knowledge lives on. Socrates was born around 470 B.C. Socrates was born into a poor family. Socrates was born in a village on the side of Mount Lycabettus. His father was a sculptor who was excellent at his job. When he was old enough his father taught him how to be sculptor but his creations always came out less than acceptable in the eyes of the clients. His mother was a mid wife. She helped deliver a lot of the children in Athens

Plato - a philosopher and educator in ancient Greece. He was one of the most important thinkers and writers in the history of Western culture. Plato was born in Athens into a family that was one of the oldest and most distinguished in the city. His father Ariston died when Plato was only a child. The name Plato was a nickname meaning broad shoulders. Plato's real name was Aristocles. Plato had aspirations of becoming a politician, however these hopes were destroyed when his friend Socrates was sentenced to death in 299 B.C. Extremely hurt Plato left Athens and traveled for several years.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

• The fall of the Roman Empire resulted in the rise of the dark ages, also known as the "dark ages." The flourishing of the Islamic era gave rise to medical advancements with Persian doctors and alchemists. Later developments, however, showed how most of Europe converted to Christianity. Some ancient knowledge was lost as Greek learning gradually disappeared in western Europe.

• The Renaissance - efers to the period between 1400 and 1600s. When classical education and the substantial contributions of ancient Greece and Rome were rediscovered in Europe after the Middle Ages. As the populace grew wealthier, trade, travel, and the dissemination of new ideas all increased.

• Ibn Sina - his full name was Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina. He was born in 980 in Afshana (in today's Uzbekistan). He studied arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and he memorized the Qur'an by the age 10.

• He was a philosopher, astronomer, chemist, geologist and mathematician of polymath. He studied medicine at 16 years and he discovered new methods of treatment. He learned physics at 18, also mathematics and science.

• He was one of the most famous physicians, intellectuals, and men of science in the world as he supplemented knowledge in the fields of law, theology, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, optics, poetry, and philology.

• Nicolaus Copernicus - He was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer. He is famous for his formulation of a heliocentric theory of our galaxy. This theory suggested that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, which is in the center of our solar system. This heliocentric model was the opposite of what people had believed before, which was that the sun and other planets revolved around Earth. Copernicus was a genius of his time and had a breakthrough in astronomy. He is known as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution.

• Johannes Kepler - He was a German mathematician and astronomer who discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits. He gave three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He also did important work in optics and geometry. He was a German astronomer and mathematician who lived between 1671-1630. Kepler was a Copernican and initially believed that planets should follow perfectly circular orbits (“Johan Kepler” 1). During this time period, Ptolemy’s geocentric theory of the solar system was accepted. Ptolemy’s theory stated that Earth is at the center of the universe and stationary; closest to Earth is the Moon, and beyond it, expanding towards the outside, are Mercury, Venus, and the Sun in a straight line, followed by Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the “fixed stars”.

• Borromeo, Marvin - He was responsible for the creation of modern science becoming a discipline and its concepts and method a whole philosophical system. Galileo’s contributions involved using a telescope to examine space, inventing the microscope, disproving Aristotles laws, inventing the law of the pendulum, advocating the relativity of motion, and creating a mathematical physics. However one of his most important contributions was the fact that he conducted experiments, thus making him the first experimental scientist. Testing ideas with experiments was not a conventional approach in Galileo’s years therefore he revolutionized the way which science was conducted. Some of Galileo’s most important contributions to science include building a telescope of his own from scratch without ever seeing one in 1609. The observations that Galileo made through his telescope gave evidence that Earth is not the center of all things and that the planets orbited the Sun.

• Leonardo Da Vinci - was an Italian polymath. Which means that Leonardo was good at many different things. He was a writer, musician, botanist, architect, sculptor, painter, anatomist, inventor, engineer, scientist and mathematician. As a writer Leonardo used mirror writing, he wrote from right to left. He developed the flying machine and under water boats long before they could ever be developed. He also was a painter. He made at least 15 paintings but, his most famous paintings are "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa". Leonardo also studied and dissected the human body.

Leonardo Da Vinci’s “Flying Machine”

“Ornithopter”

One of Da Vinci's most famous inventions the flying machine "also known as the ornithopter" ideally displays his powers of observation and imagination as well as his enthusiasm for the potential of flight. the design for this invention is clearly inspired by the flight of winged animals which Da Vinci hopes to replicate. in fact, in his notes, he mentioned bats, kites, and birds as sources of inspiration.

Perhaps the inspiration of the bat shines through the most, as the two wings of the device feature pointed ends commonly associated with the winged creature. Leonardo Da Vinci's flying machine had a wingspan that exceeded 33 feet, and the frame was to be made of pine covered in raw silk, to create a light but sturdy membrane.