A work in progress don’t @ me yet. Will add flashcards when notes finished. Last updated 2/20

I take his notes then add to them from the reading, then make flashcards which will be linked to this note (prob the more important part here)

Names

Models

Dates

December 17, 1903

Chapter 1

Working on my notes rn

Section A

Montgolfier family

• Wealthy

• Owned 2 paper mills

• Supportive

• Fathers rules

• Joseph-Michel de Montgolfier

  • 1740-1810

  • 12th child

  • Creative

• Jacques-Etienne de Montgolfier

  • 1745-1799

  • 15th child

  • Business & organizational skills

• Both interested in Science & Mechanics

• Aviation was Joseph’s Idea

  • Heard of previous works:

    • 1774 study on oxygen

    • 1766 discovery of hydrogen

  • Experiments:

    • Heat

    • Steam engines

    • Heat pumps

    • Smoke / clouds

Use of Invention

• Communications

• Scientific experiments

• Transport people

• Drop bombs

• Transport goods

First Public Ascension

• Annonay, France

• June 4, 1783

  • Coincided with the legislative assembly for the district of Vivarais

  • Why?

The Invention: Hot Air Balloon

• Also called the Montgolfiere

• Height: 3,000 ft

• Distance: 1.5 miles

• Unmanned

• Wooden frame

• Fabric panels:

  • Linen sackcloth

  • Lined with rag paper

• 1,800 buttons

• Fuel: Wood & straw fire

The Competition

• J.A.C. Charles

• Physicist & Lecturer

• Invented the hydrogen balloon

  • Also called the charliere

  • Height: 1,500 ft

  • Distance: Over 13 miles

  • August 27, 1783

  • Paris, France

• Hydrogen is extracted from reaction between acid and metal

  • Wasn’t used by Montgolfiers because

    • Expensive

    • Not easily available

    • Funded by French Academy of Sciences

The First Passengers

• Montgofier’s & the French Academy of Sciences

• September 19, 1783

• Paris, France

• Witnessed by King Louis XVI

• Balloon had varnish-coated taffeta

  • Carried a sheep, duck, and rooster

  • Height: 1,500 ft

  • Distance: 2 miles

First Manned Flight

• Paris, France

• October, 1783

• Etienne Montgolfier (first airman)

• Most of history recorded two others as conducting the first manned flight because wasn’t public as father didn’t want them in the plane

• First public manned flight

  • Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent

  • November, 21, 1783

Section B

Women in Aviation

• First: Marie Elisabeth Thible

  • June 4, 1784

  • Lyon, France

• First women fatality

  • Madeleine-Sophie Blanchard

  • Aerial performer

  • Widow of Jean-Pierre Blanchard

  • Fireworks ignited balloon

  • July 7, 1819

First Fatality

• Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier

• Pierre Romain

• Trying to cross the English Channel

  • France to Engalnd

• June 15, 1785

Crossing the English Channel

• Jean-Pierre Blanchard

  • French balloonist

• Dr. John Jeffries

  • Expatriate

  • Loyalist

• 1st balloon voyage

  • London

  • Dropped cards addressed to friends

    • 1st Airmail?

• 2nd balloon voyage

  • Crossed the English Channel

  • England to France

Military Aviation

• French Revelation begins in 1789

• King Louis XVI is executed in 1793

• Who does military aviation begin with?

  • Napoleons Republic Army – Air Arm

    • Confiscated balloon starts the Company of Balloonists (1793)

    • What were these balloons used for?

      • Observers against the Austrians (1793)

      • Observers against Italians (1796)

      • Disbanded (1799)

Aviation Goes International

• Italy

  • February 25, 1784

  • Paolo Andreani, Charles Gerli, & Augustin Gerli

  • First manned flight outside of France

• By the end of 1784 others followed:

  • Ireland

  • Scotland

  • England

  • United States

  • More to come…

American Flights

• The First American Manned Flight*?

  • June 24, 1784

  • Baltimore, MD

  • Flyer: Edward Warren (13)

  • Inventor: Peter Carnes

    • * tethered

• The First American Manned Untethered Flight?

  • January 9, 1793

  • Philadelphia, PA

  • Flyer: Jean-Pierre Blanchard

  • Distance: 15 miles

First successful parachute jump?

• October 22, 1797

• Andre Jacques Garnerin

Exhibition Flying

• Richard Clayton

  • 1835 world distance record

    • Ohio to Virginia: 350 miles

• Charles Green

  • 1836 world distance record

    • England to Germany: 480 miles

  • What did he invent?

    • Dragline (1830):

      • Slows the speed of descent or ascent

• John Wise

  • 1859 world distance record

    • Missouri to New York: 809 miles

    • Record held until 1900

      • France to Russia: 1,195 miles

  • Attempted Atlantic Ocean Crossing

• First successful crossing of Atlantic Ocean?

  • August 10, 1978 (five days)

  • Abruzzo, Anderson, & Newman

Exploration

• Goal: Fly balloon over North Pole

  • Salmon Auguste Andree

  • Professor Nils Strindberg

  • Engineer Knut Fraenkel

• Left Spitsbergen on July 11, 1897

• Forced down on July 14, 1897

• Travelled over ice to White Island

• Remains found during 1930 Norwegian scientific expedition

  • Diaries and undeveloped film was also found

Section C

Dirigible

• An aircraft that can be directed or steered

• French for “to direct, to aim

• Non-rigid

• Requires:

  • Power

  • Directional control

Airship

• Semi-rigid or Rigid Dirigible

Rigidity

• Rigidity refers to form:

  • Non-rigid:

    • Form maintained by internal pressure

  • Semi-rigid:

    • Form maintained by internal pressure & keel structure

  • Rigid:

    • Form maintained by structure or internal framework

Jean Pierre Blanchard

• 1784 flights had wings/oars:

• Not a dirigible

  • Could neither steer or add power

  • Only able to spin the aircraft

Henri Giffard

• Engineer

• First dirigible

  • September 24, 1852

  • Paris, France

  • Type of dirigible:

    • Hydrogen balloon

    • 144 ft long

    • 40 ft in diameter

  • Engine:

    • Steam engine

    • 3 horse-power

    • Weighed 350 lbs

  • Flight:

    • 17 miles @ 6 miles per hour

  • What’s new?

    • Demonstrated directional, horizontal control

Engine Development

• Paul Haenlein

  • German Engineer

  • 1872

  • 1st internal combustion engine airship

  • 3.6 horse-power

  • Tethered flight

• Albert & Gaston Tissandier

  • French balloonists

  • 1883

  • Electrically powered

  • 1.5 horse-power

  • 3 miles per hour

Money Motivates

• Henry Deutsch de la Meurthe

  • Competition: 100,000 francs

  • Fly from Aero Club of France to Eiffel Tower & back

  • Less than 30 minutes

  • ~ 14 miles per hour

• Winner?

  • Albert Santos-Dumont

  • October 19, 1901

  • Third attempt in Airship No. 6

  • Improvements?

    • Pinewood keel

    • Aluminum joints

    • Wire instead of rope

    • 12 horse-power engine

Section D

David Schwartz

• Austro-Hungarian

• Designed all metal ships

• 12 horse-power engine, 3 propellers

• Died just before it was completed

• Inspired the most famous of airship designers:

  • Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin

North Pole Expeditions

• Walter Wellman

  • Chicago journalist

  • North Pole Expeditions:

    • First attempts since S.A. Andree (1897)

    • 1906

      • Did not launch – engine problems

    • 1907

      • First motorized flight in the Arctic

      • Did not reach the North Pole

    • 1909

      • Lost dragline

      • Towed back to base

  • Atlantic Ocean Crossing

    • 1910

      • Lost one engine

      • First wireless message from airship to shore

        • October 15, 1910

The Premier Airships

• Luftschiff-Zeppelin

• Count Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich von Zeppelin

• Retired Calvary Officer

• What was his concern?

  • Military Aviation

• What did he want?

  • Aircraft with long-range, fly in bad weather, carry bombs, arms and aircrew

• Built 7 airships for DELAG:

  • Deutsche Luftschiffahrts A.G.

  • World's first airline to use an aircraft in revenue service

    • 1910 - 1914

    • Transported 34,000 people

    • Speed: 40 mph

Chapter 2

Just his notes rn

Section A

Two Technologies

• Kite

  • Chinese invention

  • 1st century

  • What is this technology?

    • Wing

    • Primitive airplane

• Windmill

  • Originated in Rome

  • What technology?

    • Propeller

    • Recognized by Sir George Cayley

Sir George Cayley

• Wealthy land owner in England

• Defined the problem of mechanical flight

• 1st to conceive of this idea?

  • Modern airplane

  • Silver disc dated 1799

    • Engraved diagram of forces of flight:

      • Lift

      • Drag

      • Weight

      • Thrust

    • Engraved drawing of airplane

  • 1804 Glider

First Manned Heavier-Than-Air Flights

• Cayley’s full-size gliders

• 1809 Glider

  • Wing area = 200 sq/ft

  • Unmanned

  • “Problem of power”

• 1853 Glider

  • Ten year old boy

  • Towed by rope

• 1853 Glider

  • Larger

  • Cayley’s reluctant coachman

Henson and Stringfellow

• William Samuel Henson

  • English

  • Experimented with gliders

  • Designed Aerial Steam Carriage (1842)

    • Never built

• John Stringfellow

  • English

  • Launched balloons

• Together:

  • Organized early airline

    • Aerial Transit Company (1842-1843)

      • Tried to raise funds

      • Built twenty-foot model (failed to fly)

Controversy

• First unmanned, powered, winged flight?

  • Stringfellow’s launch-by-wire monoplane (1848)

    • Short flight after launch by wire

  • Felix du Temple’s Steam powered model (1874)

    • Took a hop after rolling down an incline

Otto Lilienthal

• German Engineer

• Published book on bird flight

• Tested fixed-wing gliders (1891-1896)

• Nearly 2,000 flights up 750 ft

• Contribution: Demonstrated man could fly heavier-than-air craft without an engine

Octave Chanute

• Civil Engineer – Railway bridges

  • Designed some bridges here in KC

• Collected information on flight

  • “Progress in Flying Machines” (1894)

• Designed/built man-carrying gliders

  • Hired a man to fly (Chanute was in his 60’s)

• Contributions:

  • Introduced Pratt Truss’s (from bridges) to brace wings

  • Became trusted colleague of the Wright brothers

Section B

Wright Brothers

• Wilbur Wright

  • Bald

  • Older

  • Neat

  • Controlled

  • Outgoing

  • Thoughtful

  • Public speaker

  • Airplane was his idea

• Orville Wright

  • Younger

  • Timid

  • Impulsive

  • Optimistic

  • Mechanical

  • Quick thinking

  • First to fly the airplane

• Lived in Dayton, Ohio

• Jobs:

  • Worked in a print shop

  • Bicycle mechanics

  • Bicycle sales & repair shop

  • Built their own bicycles

• What inspired them toward aviation?

  • News of Lilenthal’s death in 1896

    • Studied birds

    • Wrote to Smithsonian

      • Responded w/ a reading list

      • Chanute’s Progress in Flying

First Steps

• Started with kite (1899)

• Attempted to solve

  • Control

  • Horizontal Rear Stabilizer

  • Adjustable Center of Gravity

  • Lateral Stability

Stability and Maneuverability

• Stability:

  • The tendency of the airplane to return to equilibrium once it is disturbed

• Maneuverability:

  • The ability to turn, climb, descend, roll, and yaw

• What is the outcome of a plane that is too stable?

  • Hard to maneuver

• What was the Wright brothers solution?

  • Designed a relatively unstable plane

Next Step

• Full Size Glider?

  • 1900

• What did they attempt to solve?

  • Improve Controllability

  • Had Wing Warping

  • Movable forward elevator

  • Found new testing site

    • Kill Devil Hills

    • South of Kitty Hawk, NC

    • Known for strong, steady winds

Problems and Solutions

• Problem:

  • Glider needed more lift

  • Solution:

    • Next version had larger wingspan

• Problem:

  • Glider’s wings flexed making it uncontrollable

  • Solution:

    • Next version added middle spars to brace the wings

• Problem:

  • Glider went into stall spins

  • Solution:

    • Next version added a movable rudder to counter….?

    • Adverse yaw (slippage)

Power

• Where did the power come from?

  • Four-stroke gasoline engine

  • 200 lbs

  • • 4 cylinder

  • 12 horsepower

  • Water cooled

• Who designed/built the engine along with the Wright Brothers?

  • Charles Taylor

• Without these power from the engine would not matter?

  • Propellers

  • The Wrights discovered that they were rotating airfoils

First manned, powered, controlled, sustained flight

• December 17, 1903

• Orville Wright pilot

• Distance: 120 ft

• Duration: 12 seconds

Section C

Patent

• Government document granting certain rights to an inventor for a specific period of time

  • Exclusive right to manufacture

  • Exclusive right to sell

• Where does the authority to grant patents come from?

  • US Constitution

  • Article I Section 8. Clause 8

  • Patent and Copyright Clause

  • “Power to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries”

• Wright’s Patent

  • 1st applied for on March 23, 1903

  • Patent Office dismissed application as a nuisance

    • Wrights sent additional information

      • Dismissed again

        • Hired patent attorney

  • 1904 – Patent awarded by:

    • Belgium

    • France

    • Great Britain

  • 1906 – Patent awarded by:

    • United States

  • Major Areas of the Patent

    • Control & Construction

      • Wings were airfoils

      • Wing warp controlled by hip movement

      • Wing Warp:

        • Any construction whereby the angular relations of the lateral margins of the wings may be varied in opposite directions

      • Vertical Rudder

      • Canard

    • What was not included (that maybe should have been)?

      • Engine

Section D

Coming Home

• After Kitty Hawk, where did the Wrights further develop their invention?

  • Huffman Prairie

  • 8 miles east of Dayton, OH

  • The First Airfield

    • First Airplane to use this airfield?

      • Wright Flyer No. 2

Wright Flyer No. 2

• 1904

• Changes?

  • Less camber

  • More horsepower

  • New propeller gearing

  • Assisted takeoff device

• Taught themselves how to fly

• Flew low over the field

• Determined to develop a practical aircraft

Wright Flyer No. 3

• 1905

• Changes?

  • All new except engine

  • Separated control for rudder

  • Longest flight was:

    • 38 minutes

    • 24 miles

• No. 3 met the criteria for a practical airplane

Grounded

• October 1905, Wright brothers grounded themselves. Why?

  • No patent

  • Fearful of military or commercial spies

  • Began to market their invention

• December 1907, US Army Signal Corps invited proposals for a heavier-than-air flying machine.

  • 41 bids

  • Only 3 met the criteria

  • Wright brothers awarded contract (February, 1908)

  • Resume flying (May, 1908)

Flying Again

• May 1908

• Wrights begin flying again in a refurbished No. 3

• Changes?

  • 2 seats

  • Levers replace hip cradle

• First Airplane Passenger?

  • Charlie Furnas (mechanic)

The First Fatal Airplane Accident

• September 17, 1908

• Fort Myer, Virginia

• Lieutenant T. E. Selfridge

Military Sales

• Army Model A

  • Army’s first airplane

  • Based on Flyer No. 3

  • Engine: Wright model 4

    • 25 horsepower

    • 40 mph

  • Involved in Selfridge accident (1908)

• Army Model B

  • Rebuilt Model A

  • June 1909

• While Orville worked with the US Army, Wilbur was touring Europe

  • Won Michelin Cup for longest flight (2 hrs 18 min)

• Army Model B

  • 1910

  • Began using wheels

  • Engine

    • 30 horsepower

    • 42 mph

• Army Model C

  • 1912

  • Triad Scout Planes

  • Moved elevator to the rear

  • Engine

    • 50 horsepower

    • 48 mph

Chapter 3

Section A

Octave Chanute lectured in Paris in 1903 on his gliders and the Wright gliders, including info about wing warping and rear rudder

• “Thanks to the Montgolfier brothers, Aviation was a French invention, and so too should be the airplane”

• National pride & the adventure spurs an industry

• Robert Esnault-Pelterie

  • Failed to reproduce Wrights glider

  • Made Europe skeptical of US aviation news

  • Tried again with his own glider design that had ailerons and flew in Oct. 1904

Alberto Santos-Dumont

• Brazilian Aviation Pioneer

• Went from Dirigibles to Airplanes

• Designed the 14-bis

  • Named because it was tested hanging under dirigible 14 so aircraft twice

  • Biplane with boxkite wings and front unit

    • Front was both elevator and rudder

  • Used 50 horsepower Antoinette motor

  • Built by Gabriel Voisin in 1906

• November 12, 1906

  • 14-bis was the first manned, powered flight in Europe

    • Lasted 22 seconds and 722 feet

  • Thought of as the 1st to fly for 2 years until Wilbur’s 1908 Europe tour

Gabriel Voisin

• French aviator

• 1905 organized Syndicat d’Aviation, one of the first companies organized to make heavier-than-air craft

  • 2 gliders that took off from Seine towed by motorboat

• Constructed 14-bis for Dumont

• Boxkite airplanes style

• After he built 14-bis he…

  • Built his own airplane production business

  • Joined his brother in forming Voisin Freres

  • Influenced by Wilbur Wrights European tour of 1908 to created a pusher biplane with forward elevator and tail rudder

  • Produced 20 aircraft by WWI 1914

Henry Farman

• Englishman, born & raised in France who got citizenship and becomes France’s leading aviator

• Ordered first plane from Voisin in 1907 after a racing accident

  • Added ailerons and modified the tail

  • Europe’s first flight around a circular route which shows the pilot has control

• Ordered 2nd plane from Voisin in 1908

  • Voisin sold it to another so Farman made his own production company building biplanes

• First to fly over 100 miles

Short Brothers

• Horace, Albert, and Hugh Short

• Organized first company to build airplanes in Britain (1908)

• Experienced balloon makers

• Failed their own design so in 1909 Albert obtained a license to manufacture 6 Wright airplanes

  • First in the world to produce planes in a series

• Learned enough from building Wright flyers to design/build their own

  • Short biplane No. 2 was first successful

  • Made a seaplane with folding wings in 1913

Louis Bleriot

• 1909 built his first aircraft, a monoplane called Bleriot XI

  • 3-wheel undercarriage, pylons supporting wings, rectangular fuselage, small rudder, rear elevator

  • Wing warping from Wright’s for lateral control

• For marketing purposes he chose to fly for a prize from the London Daily Mail

• Fist powered flight across the English Channel July 25, 1909

• Hubert Latham attempted to cross, but had engine problems so bailed

  • Significant because preparations included receiving weather via wireless telegraph

Igor I.Sikorsky

• Studied at Russian Naval Academy

• Read of Zeppelin & Wright Brothers

• Idea: flying machines lifted by the propeller

  • Built two helicopters (1908 & 1910) but neither could fly so he switched to airplanes

• First successful aircraft: S-2

• S-5 had 50 horsepower Argus engine with rudder pedals then a wheel for aileron and elevator

  • 1911 qualification for pilot’s license (Federation Aeronauticque Internationale #64 by Imperial Aero Club of Russia)

• Helicopters come later

• The Grand (1913)

  • Enclosed cabin and observation platform

German Developments (Not in Furedy Slides)

• Lagged behind other countries so got permission to build foreign planes to begin catching up

  • Taube (the plane design of Austrian Igo Etrich) gave Germany full rights, no patent

• Had 25 aircraft production companies before WWI

• DFW company established with government backing but still heavily influenced by other countries

• First aviator to obtain German pilot’s license August Euler who made Voisin biplanes

Section B: American Developments

Aerial Experiment Association

• Organized in 1907 by Alexander Graham Bell

• Purpose: Build a practical airplane (4 in 1908)

• Members:

  • J.A.D. McCurdy (Canada)

  • Lt. Thomas Selfridge (US Army)

  • Thomas Baldwin (balloonist)

  • Glenn Curtiss (bicycle/motorcycle maker)

• Aerial Experiment Association Aircraft No. 1 Red Wing

  • Biplane

  • Forward elevator

  • Fixed rear stabilizer

  • Movable rear rudder

  • No lateral stability systems like wing warping or ailerons

  • Ice skids for takeoff and landing on frozen lake

  • All two flights flown by Baldwin crash landed (1908)

• Aerial Experiment Association Aircraft No. 2 White Wing

  • Biplane

  • Tricycle gear

  • Movable control surfaces on all four wingtips (ailerons)

  • Three successful flights by Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy

    • McCurdy crashed it after

• Aerial Experiment Association Aircraft No. 3 June Bug

  • Biplane

  • Continue to improve from no. 1 and 2

  • Curtiss flew it to win the Scientific American Trophy (June 1908)

    • Awarded by Aero Club of America

    • Fly one kilometer in a straight line

  • Named The Loon when added pontoons

• Aerial Experiment Association Aircraft No. 4 Silver Dart

  • Biplane

  • First flew at Hammondsport, NY, home of Curtiss Company

  • 50 horsepower, water cooled, V8 engine

  • Second flight was at Baddeck, Nova Scotia (Bell’s summer home)

    • First airplane flight in Canada (Feb. 23, 1909)

    • Flown by J.A.D. McCurdy

• AEA disbands in March 1909

  • Completed its agenda

  • Applied for several patents

• Lasting legacy of AEA:

  • Aircraft manufacturing company: Herring-Curtiss

  • Disagreements between the two led to:

    • Curtiss Aeroplane Company (1910)

    • Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company (1911)

Glenn Hammond Curtiss

• Motorcycle/motor manufacturer

• Thomas Baldwin requested a motor for his dirigible that was lightweight & powerful

  • Curtiss rode in Baldwin dirigibles

• Joined AEA in 1907

• Founded 1st aircraft manufacturing company in the US (1909)

• Designed both pusher & tractor type airplanes and hydroplanes and flying boats

  • Pusher plane has propeller behind engine and trailing edge of wing

  • Tractor plane has powerplant in front

  • Curtiss Pusher Airplane – Model D

  • Curtiss Tractor Airplane – Model J

  • Hyrdoplane– Triad

  • Flying boat– NC-4

Eugene Ely

• January 18, 1911

• Landed / took-off from USS Pennsylvania

• Curtiss pusher biplane

• Proved practicality of using ship-based aircraft

Exhibition and Stunt Flying

• Exhibition Flying:

  • The first were the designers

    • Wright brothers

    • Glenn Curtiss

    • Santos-Dumont, Bleriot, and Farman in Europe

  • Then the designers made teams of exhibition flyers to compete with each other

    • Eventually turned more towards stunt flying

  • Purpose: Exhibit the airplane & promote aviation

• Stunt Flying:

  • Performed stunts/races in order to excite the crowds & make money

  • Lincoln Beachey

    • Loops

    • Race cars

    • Flew through the mist of Niagara Falls

Section C

Aero Clubs

• Main purpose to promote aviation

• Started with ballooning

• What were the first eight national aero clubs that formed the International Aeronautical Federation in Paris in 1905?

  • Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom & the United States

• Key activity was to provide “official” recognition of aviation achievements/events

  • Aero Club of America was the 1st “official” support of the Wright brothers claims

  • Issued 1st licenses/certificates (1910 - 1927) and they were international

    • Promote safety

      • Excluded unlicensed pilots from competing or breaking records

    • Insurance

    • 1st five went to well known aviators (in alphabetical order)

      • Glenn Curtiss

      • Lt. Frank Lahm

      • Louis Paulhan

      • Orville Wright

      • Wilbur Wright

    • 6th (Clifford B Harmon) had to pass test

    • Requirements (21 years old, 3 solos in front of club, demonstrate safe flight skills)

    • First licensed women were

      • Baroness Raymonde de la Roche in France in 1910

      • Harriet Quimby for the US in 1911 (#37)

Air Shows

• First international air show in Rheims, France (August 1909)

  • 23 aircraft

  • Competed in speed, distance, & duration

  • In attendance: Glenn Curtiss, Louis Bleriot, Henry Farman…

Daily Mail of London Aviation Competitions

• 1906 – Assigned Harry Harper as the 1st full-time aviation reporter

• 1907 – Fly-off for model aircraft

• 1909 – Fly one continuous mile in British-made airplane

• 1909 – English Channel crossing (Bleriot)

• 1910 – London to Manchester race (Paulhan)

• 1911 – Five-day race around Britain

• 1913 – Hydro-Aeroplane Trial

US Newspapers Competitions

• 1910 New York World – 1st flight between New York & Albany (Glenn Curtiss)

• 1910 New York Times & Philadelphia Public Ledger – Round trip (Charles Hamilton)

• 1911 Publisher William Randolph Hearst – 1st transcontinental flight (Cal Rodgers)

  • First time flown in 49 days (19 days too long)

  • Won in Wright Model B “Vin Fiz”

Gordon Bennett Races

• James Gordon Bennett Jr. was publisher of New York Herald

• 1st Annual Gordon Bennett International Cup balloon race (1906)

  • France

  • 16 contestants

  • Frank Lahm (US) won

  • Bennett cup changes based on locations of winner

    • Aero Club of America sponsored 1907 race

• Annual Gordon Bennett Blue Ribbon Race (1909)

  • Rheims, France

  • Glenn Curtiss (US) won

The Race for an Atlantic crossing in an airplane was disrupted by war

Section D

Patent Wars

• By 1910 Europe led the world in aviation

• What could be happening in the US that might explain why they are falling behind?

  • Patent Wars: Wright brothers vs

    • Glenn Curtiss

    • International Meet Association

    • Louis Paulhan

    • Manufactures all over Europe

  • Aero clubs had to settle with Wrights by only doing events with Wright permission

• Germany

  • Rep: German Wright Company

  • Court found the patent invalidated because Octave Chanute lectures described wing warping before patent

• France

  • Rep: General Company for Aerial Navigation

  • Court found in favor of the Wright brothers

  • Remained in French courts until 1917 (patent expired)

Wright’s Final Contribution

• Automatic Stability

  • “Automatic Pilot for Straight & Level Flight”

• Tested on gliders in 1911

• Pendulum detected changes in Yaw & Roll

• Vane detected changes in pitch

• Wrights failed to keep pace with competitors

  • Gyroscopic Stabilizer vs Pendulum and Vane

  • Ailerons vs Wing Warping

  • Control Wheel vs Levers

Engine Production

• Laurent & Louis Seguin

  • Relatives of the Montgolfier brothers

  • Automobile engine manufacturers for company Societte des Moteurs Gnome

  • 1907 airplane engine, one of the first in production

    • 7 cylinder rotary engine

    • 165 lbs

    • 50 horsepower

• United States production

  • 34 manufacturers

  • 2 to 16 cylinders

  • Vertical, horizontal, radial, V, opposed, or tangent

  • 90 to 325 lbs

  • 25 to 200 horsepower

• French production

  • 3 manufacturers

  • 70 to 85 horsepower

• German production

  • 9 manufacturers

Flight Schools

• 1911 Bleriot’s 500th airplane made

  • Planes need pilots so they opened flying schools in

    • France: Etampes & Canbois

    • Britain: Hendon

• If bought Bleriot plane, then lessons were free, but if not there was a fee plus any damage cost

• By 1913 there were 17 schools in Britain

Airports

• Early airfields were just fields

• Army leased field at College Park (1909)

  • Developments: Clearing field, 4 wooden hangars, barracks, digging a well, installing phone lines

• Selection Criteria

  • Size of open space

  • Access

  • Weather

  • Hangars

  • Maintenance equipment

  • Facilities for pilots

  • Lights

• Who maintained early airports?

  • Municipal governments or Aero Clubs

  • French Aero Clubs urged for “aerial roads”

    • Line of visual aids set to guide pilots visually along a route

  • Germany used red balloons w/ electric lights for guidance

  • Belgium used white cross for guidance

Publications

• Jane’s All the World’s Airships by Fred T. Jane (1909)

• International Aerial Laws (1911)

• First International Congress of Aerial Law, Paris (1910)

Airmail

• Before WWI all were single-flight / short-lived services

  • 1909 – Hans Grade: privately run service in Germany

  • 1910 – C.S. Rolls: one-time delivery over English Channel (1st roundtrip)

  • 1911 – Bleriot & Grahame-White ran mail for two weeks between flying schools in Britain

  • 1911 – US Postmaster General named Earle Ovington Air Mail Pilot No. 1

Commercial Aviation

• Thomas Benoist (aircraft manufacturer) & Paul Fansler (engineer)

  • St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line

  • 1st scheduled airline using fixed wing aircraft

  • December 1913 – April 1914

  • St. Petersburg subsidized the service

Military

• 1907 – US Army established Aeronautical Division within the Signal Corps

• 1908 – Brazil organized balloon corp

• 1909 – Austria formed military air unit

• 1910 – France, Romania, & Russia created air units

• 1911 – Belgium organized a military air unit

• 1912 – Argentina, Australia, Britain, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, & Turkey

• 1911 – Italian Flotilla 1st aerial bombing (Italo-Turkish War)

• 1913 – Combatants dropped bombs & engaged in 1st air-to-air combat (Mexican Revolution)

  • Pilots: Dean Ivan Lamb & Phillip Rader

Chapter 4

Just his

Section A

The Spark

• June 28, 1914

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • Assassin?

    • Gavrilo Princip

    • 19 years old Bosnian Serb

    • Member of Young Bosnia

    • Black Hand

  • Why?

    • Protest Austrian rule over Bosnia

  • Snowball effect:

    • Alliance system

    • Nationalistic & imperialistic objectives

• June 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918:

  • 70 million soldiers

  • 9 million military casualties

  • 7 million civilian casualties

Triple Entente vs Central Powers

• WWI Timeline:

  • June 28 – Assassination of Ferdinand

  • July 5 – Germany gives Austria a “Blank Check”

  • July 23 – Austria sends ultimatum to Serbia

  • July 28 – Austria declares war on Serbia

  • July 30 – Russia mobilizes in support of Serbia

  • Aug 1 – Germany declares war on Russia

  • Aug 3 – Germany declares war on France

  • Aug 4 – Germany marches 1.5 million troops through neutral Belgium

  • Aug 4 – Britain declares war on Germany for violating Belgium

  • Sept 6 – Battle of the Marne outside of Paris

German Airships

• 1914:

  • Army had 6 airships

  • Navy had 2 airships

  • No strategy

  • Uses?

    • Reconnaissance flights

    • Occasionally drop small bombs

    • Which was more effective?

      • Reconnaissance

      • Navy

    • Army dismantled airship program in 1916 – Why?

    • Navy continued use until the end of the war

Dirigible Raids on England

• First raid

  • January 1915 - Yarmouth

• Early raids = docks, war production, & military targets

• Battleships could do more damage….why do it?

• Morale = German & British

  • German = raised

    • “Most modern air weapon, a triumph of German inventiveness and the sole possession of the German military…”

  • British = Startled, but rallied

• Total of 53 raids

• 24 hour round-trip

• Dangers?

  • Weather (storms or temp), mechanical, observation

    balloons/planes, wire nets, anti-aircraft guns

  • What brought down more?

• Defenses developed

  • Wires held by tethered balloons to entangle airships

  • Searchlights

  • Observation patrols

German Army vs. Navy

• 1917 – Germany Army replaces airship bombers with airplane bombers

  • 250 missions total

• Navy continues using airships

  • 200+ bombing missions

  • 1,000+ reconnaissance missions

• German official estimated 80 airships cost as much as 1 battleship….but:

  • Expensive to maintain (money & manpower)

  • Army & Navy lost:

    • 79 of its 125 airships

    • 441 men

  • England suffered 556 casualties

German Outcomes

• Airship raids failed to demoralize civilian population

• Revealed civilian vulnerability

• Demonstrated failure of airship as a land bomber

• Demonstrated effectiveness for naval reconnaissance

France Dirigibles & Airships!

• Similar to Germany

  • Initially used for:

    • Reconnaissance

    • Artillery ranging

  • Used mostly at night

  • Increasingly for naval rather than army

• Issues in France:

  • Friendly fire / failure to identify origin

  • Vulnerable to aircraft & ground fire

  • 1917 Army transferred aircraft to navy

    • Effective @ sea vs. aircraft:

      • Longer range

      • Higher bomb-carrying capacity

British Dirigibles & Airships

• Advantage of being an island nation

• Aircraft were used as naval weapons

• Highly effective for:

  • Reconnaissance

  • Surveillance

• Produced over 200 dirigibles

• Provided some to allies

• At the end of the war Britain had the largest fleet of lighter-than-air craft (103)

• British Sea Scout (SS) Blimp

• Small 2,000 – 3,000 cubic meters

  • Designed for:

    • Patrolling costs

    • Spotting floating mines

    • Spotting submarines

Drachen & Free Balloons

• Both sides used:

  • Free balloons

  • Drachen ballons

    • Balloon tethered to the ground or to naval vessel

      • Also known as a kite balloon

• Used as observation, sector reconnaissance, artillery spotting, & verification of demolition

• What was their advantage over airships & airplanes?

  • Direct connection by telephone line

  • Better direction

  • Eventually used radios

• The Caquot

  • 1st devised by a British Captain

    • Albert Caquot (1916)

  • Dangled light cables down

  • Purpose:

    • Entangle enemy airplanes

  • Deployed in defensive barrages up to 50 miles long

Willy Coppens

• Belgian Ace

  • What is an Ace?

    • Usually considered to be 5 or more downed aircraft

• What was Willy Coppens known for?

  • Balloon killer

• Why was this dangerous?

  • Balloons were often protected by:

    • Ring of anti-aircraft batteries

    • Hanging cables

• Coppens would dive from above

• Used French incendiary bullets

Section B

Combatant Forces

• Beginning of the War (1914)

• Which Country had the most military aircraft?

• Germany – over 230 airplanes

• Russia – 190 airplanes

• France – 160 airplanes

• Austria-Hungary – 110 airplanes

• Great Britain – 80 airplanes

• Japan – 28 airplanes

• United States – 15 airplanes

Aircraft Insignia

• Great Britain RAF Roundel

• France Roundel

• German Iron Cross

• US Army Roundel

• Russia Roundel

Germany

• August 1914

• Two military forces:

• Large Army air force

• Small Naval air force

• 4 battalions

• 15 army flying schools

• 230 airplanes

• 1,000 airplanes (goal)

• Two Basic Types:

• Taube or monoplane

• Arrow or biplane

Austria-Hungary

• August 1914

• Two military forces:

• Large Army air force

• 110 airplanes

• 60 monoplanes

• 50 biplanes

• Small Naval air force

• Numbers unknown

• Mostly German make

• Relied on German production

• Albatros, Lohner-Daimler, & Etrich-Taube

France

• August 1914

• Leading air force among the allies

• Organization:

• 21 flights

• Six airplanes each

• 50 men each

• 300 on order

• Two aviation laboratories

• Naval technical center

Great Britain

• August 1914

• Royal Flying Corps

• British Expeditionary Force

• Arrived in France on Aug. 13

• 755 men & 63 planes

• Avro

• Bristol

• Sopwith Scouts

Russia

• August 1914

• 50 aircraft

• 100 pilots

• Consisted of:

  • Sikorsky (Russian)

  • Deperdussin (French)

  • Farman (French)

  • Nieuport (French)

  • Albatros (German)

  • Aviatik (German)

  • Bristol (British)

Italy

• August 1914

• Only country to have:

  • Prewar aerial combat experience

• Italo-Turkish War

• Large Naval aviation due to vast coastal area

• Large number of airships & seaplanes

• Macchi M.7

United States

• August 1914

• Did not enter the war until 1917

• Some flew with:

  • Canadian Royal Flying Corps

  • British Royal Flying Corps

  • French Foreign Legion

LaFayette Escadrille

• August 1914

• Originally Escadrille Americaine

• Germany protested (US was neutral)

• Changed name

• Trained and served as American unit within French Foreign Legion

• Most transferred back to US in 1917

• Not Eugene Bullard:

• 1st black American military aviator

Race to the Sea

• September 12 – October 30

• The Air war began with:

  • Germany’s invasion of Belgium

• Central Powers & Allied Forces

• Race toward strategic ports

• Dawn of trench warfare

• German aircraft dominate the skies

• First British air casualty of the war happens on August 22, 1914 – ground fire

Airfields

• Ideal airfield?

  • Wide

  • Smooth

  • Grass

• During the retreat from Mons & The Race to the Sea airfields were created as they moved

• One Night Stands:

  • Takeoff from one field in the morning

  • Land later in the day at another

• Eventually, that fall, front lines stabilized

• Stalemate!

Expansion

• After the war started armies started to expand.

• Numbers:

  • Recruiting

  • Training

  • Organizing

• Capabilities:

  • Wireless officers

  • Observers got cameras

• German aircraft industry:

  • Production of new aircraft

  • Train pilots, observers, and ground crews

  • Helped maintain dominance from 1914 into 1916

• France’s initial response to war disrupted military aviation for the allies:

  • Anticipation of a short war

  • Canceled airplane orders

  • Sent aviation factory workers to the front lines

  • Great Britain & Russia depended on French airplanes

  • Aircraft observations:

    • Spotted German troop movements at the Marne

    • Stopped German advancement toward Paris

    • France reorganized/strengthened military aviation

Aerial Combat

• Early pilots carried pistols for defense

• Sometimes shooting at each other – mostly too far

• October 5, 1914:

  • French Voisin biplane shot down German Aviatik biplane

  • Beginning of air-to-air combat

Bombing

• War changed these terms:

  • Bomber?

    • A soldier who tosses small pocket bombs at the enemy.

  • Bombardment?

    • Artillery shells

• From aircraft, bombs were small, inaccurate, and ineffective

Artillery Spotting

• 1915, British Royal Air Corps begins cooperating with the artillery

• Aircraft sent wireless messages to guide the gunners

• Problems with wireless:

  • Heavy

  • Require second person

  • Skilled in Morse code

  • Danger of fire

Communications

• Air to ground:

  • Signaling by lamps

  • Dropping message bags

  • Grubb reflector

  • Sound

  • Prearranged maneuvers

  • Smoke signals

  • Shooting signal guns / colored flares

• Ground to air:

  • Placing white canvas on landing strips

  • Flashing colored lights in code

  • Artillery fire (get aircrafts attention)

  • Semaphore

Forward Firing

• March 1915

• French Flying Corps

• Pilot: Roland Garros

• Raymond Saulnier added metal deflector plates to blades

• Roland Garros

  • Downed 5 German airplanes in April 1915

  • First ace of WWI

  • Enemy fire severed fuel line / crashed / Germans captured him & aircraft

• Anthony Fokker, Dutch Engineer

  • Developed machine gun with synchronized interrupter gear

  • Initiated:

    • “Fokker Scourge” - Allies called their aircraft “Fokker Fodder”

    • Germany dominated the skies late 1915 – early 1916

    • Allies adapted from captured German machine gun

Max Immelmann & Oswald Boelcke

• Received first two Fokker forward firing

• Advantage went to above & behind

• Loop & climb toward desired position

• Aces: Immelmann = 16, Boelcke = 40

Manfred von Richthofen

• Known as:

  • “Red Baron”

• Student of Oswald Boelcke

• Experienced bomber pilot

• Specialized in attacking reconnaissance aircraft

• Downed 80 allied aircraft

• Aimed for fuel tanks (jump or burn)

• April 21, 1918 – shot down by:

  • Canadian Pilot, Roy Brown?

  • Australian ground fire?

  • Provided formal burial with honors

Fighter Planes

• Not just new technology

• Fighters brought new tactics:

• Formation flying

• Squadrons (Jastas) up to 10 aircraft

• Wings (Geschwader) up to 50 aircraft

• Aircraft duels declined after 1916

German Air Force Reorganized

• Elevated to Separate Army Corps (1917)

• Created 3 Army air squadrons:

  • Reconnaissance Squadrons

  • Pursuit Squadrons

  • Bomber Squadrons

Bombers

• Bomber aircraft at the beginning of the war were designed by:

  • Giovanni Caproni, Italy

  • Igor Sikorsky, Russia

• Mostly night time bombing (difficult to find)

• Anti-aircraft guns & spotlights

• France developed Breguet XIV bomber

  • Allowed daylight bombing

• France dropped the most bombs

• US delivered no American-made bombers

First Air Force

• What country established the first independent military air force?

  • Great Britain

  • April 1, 1918

• What is the Block Buster?

  • Largest bomb of the war

  • Dropped by new British Independent Air Force

  • October 14, 1918

Section C

Aircraft Production

• Who was the leading producer of aircraft before and during World War I?

  • France

• 1917 – 1918 British production caught up

• Issues:

  • Western front was in France

  • Lack of standardization

  • Lack of training

  • Lack of parts

  • Maintenance challenges

• Great Britain

  • 55,092 aircraft

• France

  • 51,700 aircraft

• German

  • 35,000 aircraft

• United States

  • > 20,000 aircraft

Stimulant vs.Disruption

• War was a grand stimulant & a disruption to the aviation industry

• Pros:

  • Government contracts

  • Subsidized expansion

  • New buildings

• Cons:

  • Britain purchased magnetos from Germany

  • Germany imported raw materials from the allies

British Production

• Government interference increased as the need for more aircraft increased.

• Why?

  • Protect the government from profiteering

  • Ensure adequate production

• Forms of government interference?

  • Rationing raw supplies

  • Price fixing

  • Control of distribution

  • Control of labor pool

  • Prevent labor slowdowns/stoppages

• What was one of the most famous British World War I aircraft designs?

  • D.H.4

• Designed by who?

  • Geoffrey de Havilland

• Produced by what company?

  • Aircraft Manufacturing Company

United States Production

• How did WWI end the Patent wars?

• US waited until it joined the war in 1917 to initiate production

• Companies involved in litigation for the last decade

• Government created MAA:

  • Manufacturers Aircraft Association

  • Patent Pool

  • Cross-licensed their inventions for a fee

  • Largest fees?

    • Wright & Curtiss companies ($2 million)

US Navy

• Where did the Navy establish a Naval Aircraft Factory?

  • Philadelphia Naval Yard

• What was the first aircraft it designed & built?

  • N-1 Davis Gun Carrier (1918)

  • (a flying cannon)

US Army

• Decision to concentrate production on one aircraft

  • Bolling Commission

• Headed by?

  • Raynal C. Bolling – United States Steel

• Commission chose?

  • de Havilland 4

  • British granted free use of license

  • French required royalties

Problems with Production

• Delays in getting designs & drawings

• Delays in getting machine tools

• Program was run by people with no aviation experience

• Contracts awarded to companies with no aviation experience

• Manufactures inflated costs

• One aircraft for all US needs was folly

Highlight of US Production

• What aircraft?

  • JN-4 Jenny

  • Trainer

• Made By?

  • Curtiss

• Produced 5,221 aircraft (1/3)

Section D

Armistice

• What is an Armistice?

  • An agreement to stop fighting

  • Treaties/negotiations would follow

• Multiple Armistice Agreements:

  • Russia – Germany: November 8, 1917

  • Bulgarian/Macedonian line: September 29, 1918

  • Ottoman Armistice: October 30, 1918

  • Austria-Hungary: November 3, 1918

  • Germany: November 11, 1918

End of War & Aviation

• Governments canceled existing contracts

• Governments canceled pending orders

• Companies/governments negotiated unfinished contracts

• Workers were laid off

• Factories closed

• Companies went out of business

• Companies reorganized

Treaty of Versailles

Paris Peace Conference at Versailles

1919 – 1920

France – Georges Clemenceau

United States – Woodrow Wilson

Italy – Vittorio Orlando

Britain – David Lloyd George

Russia?

Did not attend

Revolution / civil war

People

Models

Things I’ve Missed Before

Otto Lilienthal

Octave Chanute

Wright Flyer Models and each upgrade,

Axis stability

Wright bros places

Previous jobs of characters

Canard- wing up front of aircraft

Sir George Cayley

How far and long flights were

Voisin

Bleriot

aero club purposes

Stunt people and first besides wright bros to succeed in stuff

Wright bo last contributions

Eugene Ely

Wars used

News reporters like harry harper

Places

Gordon Bennett Races (there are 2 differnt ones!!!)

Curtiss

Lahm

Cal Rodgers

Patent Wars and what was covered in patent

Short Bros

Aero club models and features

Sikorsky

Farman

JAC Charles

Big change engines (like huuge leap in technology)

Ballon types

First females

First Fatalities

Engine types (Steam, water, gas)

People they were trying to impress (Montgolfiers and King Louis XVI)

David Schwartz

Zeppelin

Messages and weather

Rigid vs nonrigid

Dirigible vs not dirigible

Santos-Dumont

MIlitary shit. Please look at it girl

Which bros do what

Goals of certain ships/trips

Firsts

Lasts

Wheres

Hows

Whys