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english
poetry - parts of poems
speaker:
the created narrative voice of the poem, not necessarily the poet
when the poet creates another person to be the speaker, that character is called the persona
persona - a character created by the poet to narrate the poem. By creating a persona, by creating a persona, the poet imagines what it is like to enter someone else’s personality.
audience:
the person or people to whom the speaker is speaking
identifying the audience within a poem helps you to understand the poem better
there are different people the speaker can address in the poem are:
another character in the poem
the speaker can address a character who is not present or dead (this is called apostrophe)
the speaker can address the reader
subject:
the general or specific topic of the poem, what the poem is about
tone:
the poet’s attitude toward the subject of the poem, may be different from the speakers attitude
you can identify the tone of the poem by noting the authors use of poetic devices such as diction, rhythm and syntax
theme:
the statement the poem/poet makes about its subject
imagery:
words and phrases used specifically to help the reader to imagine each of the senses; smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste
each type of imagery has a certain name:
olfactory - imagery that stimulates the sense of smell
tactile - imagery that stimulates the sense of touch
visual - imagery that stimulates the sense of sight
auditory - imagery that stimulates the sense of hearing
gustatory - imagery that stimulates the sense of taste
kinaesthesia - imagery that recreates a feeling of a physical action (pulse, heartbeat)
synaesthesia - the use of an imagery that uses one sense to evoke another
Glossary of persuasive forms and features
term | defintion |
|---|---|
ethos | appeals to the writers character, ethos can be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument |
pathos | appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument |
logos | appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his or her point |
high modality | high modality language e.g. must, always, certain, expresses a high probability or sense of obligation which adds to the persuasive effect on the audience |
imperative mood | a command, plea of exhortation expressed by using the base form of the verb, e.g. Eat your vegetables! |
anecdote | A short, interesting story told about a person’s experience |
persuasive imagery | similes or metaphors that evoke pathos, prompting readers of listeners to feel a particular emotion |
rhetorical question | a question that is asked to create a persuasive effect on the audience, rather than in search of an answer |
repetition | the repetition of words, groups of words, or ideas to emphasise an idea or emotion |
anaphora | the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences |
tricolon | a group of 3 parallel phrases or clauses |
direct address | speaking to the audience, often using the pronoun “you” or using the imperative mood |
inclusive pronouns | pronouns such as “we” and “us”, which encourage a sense of alliance between the speaker/writer and the audience |
call to action | often used towards the end of a persuasive text to give the audience an action to complete now that they are persuaded |
Glossary of discursive forms & features
term | definition |
|---|---|
personal anecdote | a short personal story told within a larger text |
conversational tone | using words, expressions and sentence structures that are casual and relaxed |
first person perspective | writing from a personal perspective, using pronouns such as '“i, me, my, we” |
figurative language | similes, metaphors, personification and other types of non-literal language |
motif | a repeated image or symbol |
imagery | similes/metaphors or sensory imager such as visual, aural, tactile, olfactory and gustatory |
resolution | ending of the piece, could be reflective or circular |
epigraph | an interesting short quotation at the beginning that foregrounds or in some way inspires the writing that follows it |
digressive punctuation | punctuation that marks a digressive an discursive mood, brackets, dashes and ellipses |
embedded phrases & clauses | afterthoughts and extra details added to the main sentence, often bracketed by commas, dashes or brackets |
colloquialisms | slang terms |
vignettes | short word pictures or written sketches. A discursive piece can be written entirely in vignettes |
intertextuality | including references to other texts, books/films/myths |
low modality | words that express a low degree of certainty or obligation, might/probably/could/possibly |
numbered or subtitles sections | some discursive pieces are structures in sections marked by numbers or subheadings |
Glossary of some satirical forms and features
term | definition |
|---|---|
satire | the use of humour, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticise peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of current issues |
vice | morally wrong behaviour, lying |
folly | stupid or silly behaviour, wearing extreme fashions |
exaggeration | exaggeration is used to emphasise a vice or folly and clearly show how wrong or strange it is |
irony | verbal irony is a way of emphasising a folly or vice by deliberately describing it in a way that is different to the actual meaning, pretending strange people of ideas are sensible |
sarcasm | similar to verbal irony, but more aggressive and less subtle, e.g saying “wow thats so graceful”, when someone falls over |
ridicule | making fun or showing contempt for someone or something, mockery |
parody | an exaggerated copy of a person, song, film, genre, text |
inversion or reversal | satirising a situation by reversing it, depicting male superheroes in sexualised poses that female superheroes are usually drawn in |
caricature | an exaggerated character or form of visual exaggeration, drawing someone with extremely large ears |
hyperbole | exaggerated figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.) |
incongruity | putting a person or thing in an unusual setting to crate a sense of absurdity (comic strangeness), a caveman suing an ipad |
juxtaposition | putting two things or people close together for satiric effect |