Nationalism and Imperialism - Early 1800’s

Napoleon

• Beat all of Europe in War

• spread democracy and liberalism

  • through absolutism and imperialism

• Gave the people more rights

  • but took away rights of women and slaves just earned in the revolution

• Other Monarchs try to impose monarchy in france

  • so people don’t get ideas

  • continue to maintain power

• Offense is the best defense and invaded neighboring countries to prevent them from invading france.

• Napoleonic Code - new code of laws

  • based on enlightenment principles

  • women lose rights

• Economic growth

  • controlled prices

  • opened jobs to all based on talent

  • new industries and infrastructure

• New public school system → increased education

• Napoleonic wars →1804 - 1812

  • took control of europe using forceful diplomacy

  • defeated the holy roman empire

Impacts in Europe

• Spread revolutionary, liberal ideas - weaken monarchies

• New social order

• Prussia, England, Russia, and Austria are against Napoleon

• People rise up in revolt - rise in Nationalism

1812 - France invades Russia

• Russians use Scorched Earth tactics

• French reach Moscow and quickly retreat because winter

1813 - Napoleon defeated at Leipzig (Austria)

1814 - Napoleon abdicates throne

• exiled to alba

• escapes and returns to Paris for 100 days

June 18, 1815 - Battle of Waterloo

• french army defeated by british and prussian forces

1821 - Napoleon dies in Exile

September 1814 - June 1815

• Congress of Vienna

• meeting of diplomats and heads of state

• goal = restore stability and order

• Quadruple Alliance - Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia

• Peace in Europe for 100 years

New Ideologies

• political cartoons - propaganda in the form of imagery and humor

1. first cartoon

   1. metternich

   2. red uniform

   3. freedom, progress, and monarchy sign

   4. protesting against monarchy

   5. marching towards freedom

• three new ideologies

  • Conservatism

  • liberalism

  • Nationalism

the clashing of these beliefs lead to rebellions and civil conflict

which of the following do you most agree with about nationalism

1. feeling pride in one’s country is a citizen’s responsibility

2. feeling little pride in one’s country makes a person a troublemaker

3. feeling too much pride in one’s country can be dangerous.

4. expressing pride in one’s country - in any tradition - is a citizen’s right.

Germany

Is currently the States of the Rhine

confederation - states that band together to gain independence

1848 - revolution occurs due to austrian rule and taxes

frankfurt national assembly (1848)

• catholics favor Austria, Protestants favor Prussia

• relatively powerless and zero change

• Martin Luther was german!

• Germany is very split between catholicism and protestantism

Shows German states want to unify

Otto Von Bismarck - Prussian representative

• Power based on practical education and military

  • not ideology or morality

• Main goal = increase prussia’s power

• Hates divine right of monarchies

• ‘Blood and iron’ speech

• turns down germany’s offer so he can build up prussia enough to be able to handle the new land

Second Reich Begins (1864 - 1870)

• Alliance w/ austria

• austro - prussian war

• franco - prussian war

German states unify under Bismarck and Prussia’s command

1871 - creation of Second Reich (second German Empire)

Kaiser - top dog of the second Reich

• summon and dismiss parliament

• inherited position

• appoint and dismiss chancellor

Chancellor

• proposed legislation to parliament

Bundesrat

• assembly of state representatives

• appointed by leaders of states

Reichstag

• Elected by manhood suffrage

• election every three years

Bismarck → first chancellor

Foreign policy - keep France weak

domestic policy - erase threats(Catholics and socialists), kulturkampf (state above religion)

Germany becomes dominant European power

• Advantages

  • ample coal and iron

  • disciplined and educated workforce

  • growing population

• Government provided support for economic growth

  • single currency

  • standardized banking

  • protective tariffs

Democratic Reforms

Challenges in Eastern Europe

• factories

• growth in cities

• worker discontent

• rise in socialism

Multinational Empire - many different nationalities in region

• czechs, slovaks, poles, ukrainians, serbs, croats, slovens, etc

• desire to have own government and state

Austrian Struggles and Reforms

• Francis Joseph takes throne

  • strengthen empire

  • set up constitution and legislature

  • Francis still has ultimate authority

• Austria is defeated by the Prussians

  • led to further desire for change

• Creation of dual monarchy (Austria-Hungary)

  • Ruler is Francis Joseph (Austrian)

  • remain seperate states

  • Austrian ministries of defense, finance and foreign affairs maintain power.

Ottoman Empire Declines

• Ottoman Empire is Islam

• Serbia and Greece = successful nationalist movements

• The turks are showing weakness

• Europeans begin dividing land

• Crimean war is fought over this land

These conflicts are referred to as the “Balkan Powder Keg”

any small sparks can cause the whole thing to explode into a massive war…

Great Britain

• Queen Victoria

  • Constitutional Monarchy w/ bicameral Parliament

  • House of Commons (elected representatives)

  • Louse of Lords (hereditary, can veto commons bills)

• Democratic reforms:

  • Great Reform Act - change of seats and representation

  • Chartist movement - men’s suffrage?

  • Abolishing Slavery

  • Women’s suffrage

  • the Irish Question - how to rule over and control Ireland

United States

• Territorial expansion “manifest destiny”

• Democratic Expansion

  • Abolition

  • Women’s rights

• Economic Growth

  • leader of the second industrial revolution

• Harsh conditions and low wages - push for reforms

  • 8 hours a day

  • ban child labor

  • Monopoly regulation

France

• Multiple revolutions and government systems

  • Revolutions in 1830 & 1848

  • Second Empire and Third republic

• Increasingly Liberal governments over time

• First country to adopt universal male suffrage

• 30 - 40 political parties

  

• Dreyfus Affair

• showed simmering anti-semitism existing in Europe

  • Alfred Dreyfus (jew) convicted of treason for passing military secrets - imprisoned for 5 years

  • Actual spy found - army forged documents to incriminate Dreyfus

  • Divided military and society

• Led to beginnings of Zionist Movements

  • Desire for Jewish Homeland

• Divisions between military and society

Imperialism

• The policy of on country’s political, economic, or cultural domination over other lands and territories

• Causes of Imperialism

  • industrialization

  • political and military concerns

  • Humanitarian and Religious efforts

  • Social Darwinism

• In africa:

• Types of Imperial Rule

  • Direct rule

    • Officials and military sent to colony

    • Imposed culture and rule

    • most common in africa

  • Indirect rule

    • Governor and council of advisors

    • local rulers retain some authority

    • Encouraged western ideas and education

  • Protectorate

    • Local Rulers retain authority

    • expected to follow european advice

    • Cheaper for European countries

  • Spheres of Influence

    • weak governments remain

    • Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges in area

Middle East and India

• ottoman empire is weakened

• Prominently Islam and Hinduism

Muslim Reform Movements in the Middle East

• Muslim empires faced threats of European Imperialism

Imperialism in Asia:

• China

  • silk can only be traded with gold and silver

  • china experiences surplus

  • get really rich

  • focus on agriculture and less on industrial goods

    • leads to less of a surplus and evens out with britain

  • Britain takes initiative and starts the opium war

    • opium is imported into china

    • banned in Britain

    • china goes to war with britain over it

    • britain wipes out the chinese government

    • takes over chinese trade

  • Britain takes over Hong Kong

  • Ching Dynasty is Failing

    

  • China’s land is being taken away

• China takes the biggest blow when they are defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War

• throwing out of the old ways

• Guangxu ‘hundred days of reform’

• Boxer group tries to rebel

• gets absolutely crushed

• leaves room for european hate

• nationalism

Imperialism in Japan

• Japan is far behind

• They kind of let imperialism happen bc they cant fight against it and know how far behind they are

• Japan is closed off from foreigners

• Shoguns take over

• change is wanted

• Fishbowl breaks

• Meiji revolution - strengthen Japan against European Imperialism

• Japan is no longer under control

• Japan starts to expand empire

• Goes from being Imperialized to becoming Imperials

• Sino Japanese war

  • War against China

  • Takes over Taiwan and Manchuria

• Russo-Japanese War

  • Defeats Russia

  • Controls Korea

    • Iron Fist rule

    • “how many Koreans can you kill in one day”

Pacific and American Imperialism

• Dutch east india company sought to control spice islands

• Indonesia

  • plantation management and trade = huge motive

  • created social class system

  • Farmers must plant 1/5 land of export goods

• British looking for Base to compete with Dutch

  • Burma (Myanmar)

    • many clashes with britain

    • annexed

  • Malaysia

    • Singapore - world’s busiest port

Siam = Thailand

Americas

• Many wars of Independence

• Church = privileged

• limited voting rights and racial prejudice

• Colonialism doesn’t disappear

  • Britain and US replace Spain and France

• Mexico’s Search for Stability

  • Texas War of Independence

  • Mexican American War

• Benito Juarez and La Reforma

  • liberal reforms - help oppressed

  • Civil war - France and Austria

• General Porfirio Diaz

  • strengthen army, police, and central government

  • Economy advances - industry and mining

  • police state

  • sort of industrial revolution

• Panama Canal

• Allowed trade to occur quicker

• Panamanian Independence Movement