Imperialism

1600-1900s: US expansion overseas

• definition + change in meaning

• US foreign policy:

• isolation to expansion

• factors / reasons

• areas of us involvement

• 3 presidents - policies and areas affected

• lasting impacts + effects

• US as a world power (+/-)

• US becomes a world power through imperialism + military involvement

• foreign policy

• 1789-1870s: isolationism

• george washington's farewell address

• monroe doctrine

• manifest destiny

• internal / domestic issues

• sectionalism - slavery - western expansion

• civil war - reconstruction - indigenous wars

• industrial revolution - progressive movement

• 1870-1920s: expansionism

• imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power + influence through diplomacy or military force

• old imperialism: 1500-1870s

• creating an empire - conquest - colonies

• ended with the division of africa (berlin conference - 1884)

• new imperialism: 1870-1914 (wwi)

• empire - domination and exploitation of weaker, less developed nations / regions

• race to be the #1 power in the world

• new types of domination / exploitation

• goals: create economic monopoly, enforce military domination

• formal: spheres of influence (economic), protectorates (military)

• informal: intimidation ("bully tactics"), police actions - interventions

• 3 presidents: teddy roosevelt, william taft, woodrow wilson

• teddy roosevelt (japan - panama - caribbean)

• "speak softly + carry a big stick"

• gunboat diplomacy - great white fleet

• roosevelt corollary → to the monroe doctrine

• us: policeman to the caribbean

• us seen as a bully, intimidation

• william howard taft (manchuria - central america)

• "substitute dollars for bullets"

• dollar diplomacy → investments = financial stability

• us investors benefited but...

• us exploitation for its own profits

• woodrow wilson (haiti - mexico - wwi)

• "watchful waiting"

• moral diplomacy

• end gunboat + dollar diplomacy

• treat nations as equals

• offer friendship + respect

• end exploitation + manipulation

• no interference in others' affairs unless xyz

• reasons for us expansion + areas of involvement

• factors: 1800s-1914 (wwi)

• industrial revolution

• by the late 1800s, the united states had emerged as a leader in agriculture and industry (steel - key indicator)

• had already expanded ocean→ocean: should start stretching to new lands to become a world power

• need for new resources and materials and new markets for american goods = $

• -15. other factors LISTED ON FACTOR SHEET

• areas of involvement

• venezuela

• boundary dispute between venezuela and british guiana

• us v great britain

• upholding the monroe doctrine

• possibility of war??

• negotiation → great rapprochement (friendship between us + britain)

• hawaii

• hawaiian islands had been inhabited since the 8th century, americans lived there by late 1800s (missionaries - planters - shippers)

• 1887: king kalakaua tried to prevent americans from taking the islands over but failed; american colonizers forced him to sign a constitution that left the hawaiian monarchy with no power

• "hawaii for the hawaiians" → queen lilioukalani

• among the most renowned queens of hawaii; 1893: attempted to restore the monarchy's authority

• vowed to make hawaii a place for native hawaiians again (failed; hawaii becomes a us territory → pres cleveland rejected annexation)

• last queen of hawaii; wrote song aloha oe (aka "farewell to thee")

• cuba

• revolution against spain

• us comes into conflict with other countries who were also spreading beyond their borders - especially spain

• spain was in cuba, philippines

• causes of the spanish-american war (factor #4)

• president mckinley's war message

• the spanish-american war

• thousands of americans volunteered to fight in the war against spain

• us quickly grew from 30,000 soldiers to more than 274,000

• "splendid little war" from april-august, secretary of state john hay

• teddy roosevelt: hero at san juan hill

• quickly gained popularity due to success in war

• elected to public positions in new york

• assistant secretary of the navy, vice president - following mckinley's assassination, roosevelt became president

• war lasted less than 4 months, over 500 americans died (half of disease / food poisoning)

• left us feeling like a stronger power

• treaty of paris 1898 → gains for us

• philippines

• beginning of the filipino revolt led by emilio aguinaldo

• no major battles because aguinaldo could only use guerrilla tactics

• americans used naval blockade to isolate resistance (cut off trade, communication)

• us army deployed 100,000 → 4,243 killed, 2,818 wounded

• filipinos → ~16,000 killed, 100,000 died due to famine

• imperialists v anti-imperialists

• anti-imperialist league formed (mark twain, samuel gompers, andrew carnegie)

• us policies

• insular cases: supreme court

• Did the constitution follow the flag?

• incorporated territories v unincorporated territories

• china

• trade: tea - silk - porcelain - jade - etc.

• 1800s: treaty ports → established by europe (spheres of influence)

• russia - japan - britain - france - germany

• 1840s: us established trading rights

• these were threatened by european powers

• 1899: secretary of state john hay proposed open door policy

• boxer rebellion → chinese nationalists

• japan

• 1853 - commodore matthew party

• treaty of peace + friendship

• japan: "empire builder"

• industrialization + modernization

• imperialism: need for land + resources

• competition for us → china

• 1904-1905: russo-japanese war

• treaty of portsmouth - teddy roosevelt (1906 - npp)

• us - west coast

• gentleman's agreement (san francisco)

• root-takahira agreement - preserve china

foreign policy

• roosevelt: gunboat diplomacy

• steered us more actively into world politics

• "speak softly and carry a big stick"

• great white fleet - battleships

• what happened in the rest of the world would directly affect the united states → thus the united states should help shape the rest of the world in their own self-interest

• national security

• president roosevelt was a man of action

• many americans thought he would bring the us to war due to tough rhetoric, opinions concerning peace + readiness for war

• in spite of rising global tensions, the roosevelts were relatively peaceful + harmonious

• awarded nobel peace prize for his work in negotiating the end of he russo-japanese war in 1905 (first american to be honored with it) → portsmouth conference

• negotiating with japan concerning japanese immigrants on the west coast + rights of china → gentleman's agreement

• the panama canal

• roosevelt saw the need for a shortcut between the atlantic and pacific oceans

• others had thought of it, french attempted but were unsuccessful

• thick jungles + disease (malaria) were major obstacles, plus mountains + tropical rains

• Colombia refused to sell the isthmus of Panama to us, congress was still debating!

• roosevelt informs panama that if a revolution against colombia where to take place, the us navy would help keep colombian troops from panama

• peaceful revolution soon takes place → panama becomes independent and gives the us permission to begin work on the canal

• hay-bunau-varilla treaty: land for canal

• new machines, medicines + technology to keep the workers healthy

• george goethals

• william gorgas + walter reid

• roosevelt was the first president to leave the us while in office

• visited panama canal on august 15, 1914 (still used today)

• roosevelt corollary

• added to the monroe doctrine

• preventative intervention - pay off debts

• stop germany + britain

• american police power

• us seen as bully of the north

• worsened us relations with latin america

• taft: dollar diplomacy

• more traditional, conservative position on foreign policy

• "dollars, not bullets"

• encouraged american banks + businesses to invest in caribbean and asia in order to stabilize their economies and governments

• manchuria - tried to buy railroad from japan and russia in order to sell to china (rejected - taft ridiculed)

• caribbean - pumped $ into honduras + haiti - stability

• forced to send troops to cuba, dominican republic, nicaragua

• wilson: moral diplomacy

• disliked both gumboat and dollar diplomacy - believed that the us should respect every nation's sovereignty

• watchful + offering friendship rather than threatening other countries

• got congress to repeal the panama canal tolls act

• signed the jones act - philippines

• 1917 - purchased the virgin islands

• wilson + mexico

• wilson at times used force + the us navy to defend american lives + property in mexico

• 1913: mexican revolution

• american soldiers captured

• wilson ordered navy to seize vera cruz

• a-b-c powers intervened (war prevented)

• president victoriano huerta forced to step down

• pancho villa (rival to new president carranza) tried to provoke war with the us → attacks on us property + americans killed

• president wilson sent general john j pershing to mexico to capture villa (withdrawn in 1917 - wwi)

• the us as a world power

• in a matter of a few decades, the united states had found its place among leaders of the world

• its influence was felt by many, americans were proud to be so