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Cell Biology

Cell Theory

  • Living organisms are made of one or more cells

  • Cells are the smallest unit of life

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells

There are exceptions to the Cell Theory.

ie. Red Blood Cells, Fungal Hyphae, Skeletal Muscle, Giant Algae

Functions of a cell

  • Metabolism

  • Excretion

  • Homeostasis

  • Reproduction

  • Growth

  • Nutrition

  • Response

  • Some ability to move

How single-celled organisms live

Function

Paramecium

Chlorella

Respiration

Diffusion of gases

By the diffusion of gases

Growth and Reproduction

Binary fission

Binary fission

Response

Surface sensitive to touch chemicals

Responds to light

Homeostasis

Excretory products diffuse out

Carbon dioxide leaves by diffusion

Nutrition

Feeds using cilia

Photosynthesis

Movement

Cilia propel organism

Floats in water

Stem Cells

  • Totipotent- Can form any cell type, embryonic tissue

  • Pluripotent- Can form any cell type

  • Multipotent- Can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

  • Unipotent- Can not differentiate, capable of self-renewal

  • Embryonic- Come from a blastocyst, like totipotent

Type of Transport

Explanation

Active or Passive

Membrane component?

Examples of molecules

Endocytosisinto the cell

Phagocytosis- eatingPinocytosis-drinking

A

Infolding of Phosopolipid bilayer

WBC- Bacteria, Pathogens, Debris, FoodVitamins, Sugars

Exocytosis

Exit the cell

A

Vesicles from Golgi fuse

Proteins, Hormones, neurotransmitters

Simple Diffusion

Go with a concentration gradient

P

Through Phospholipid bilayer

O2, CO2non-polar substances

Facilitated Diffusion

Go with a concentration gradient

P

Protein channels or protein carrier

Glucose, amino acids, polar substances

Osmosis

The net movement of H2O

P

Protein channels, Aquaporins

H2O

Ion-exchange pump

Use energy to move molecules from low to high

A

Ion pumpsSodium/potassium pumps

NA+K+

Mitosis/Cell Cycle

Interphase-G1, S, G2, normal cell

Prophase- First stage, nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes pair up, centrioles start to produce spindle fibers

Metaphase- Second phase, Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore, chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

Anaphase- Third phase, spindle fibers separate pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles

Telophase- Final phase, spindle fibers disintegrate, daughter chromatids condense, cleavage furrow forms (animal) or cell plate forms (plant), nuclear membrane reforms

Cytokinesis- Returns to normal cell

Mitotic index= Cells in mitosis/total number of cells

Organelles/function in a cell

Nucleus- houses the DNA of the cell

Mitochondria- converts ATP into energy

Rough ER- Protein synthesis

Smooth ER- Lipid synthesis

Golgi body- transportation

Vesicles- transports things inside and outside the cell

Vacuoles- storage

Ribosomes- make protein dipeptides

Nucleolus- processes of mRNA

Plasma membrane- allows things in and out, holds organelles inside

Centrioles- make spindle fibers

Lysosome- breaks down waste

Cytoplasm- a platform for organelles

Chloroplast- holds chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Cell Wall- provides a structure for plant cell

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Cell Biology

Cell Theory

  • Living organisms are made of one or more cells

  • Cells are the smallest unit of life

  • All cells come from pre-existing cells

There are exceptions to the Cell Theory.

ie. Red Blood Cells, Fungal Hyphae, Skeletal Muscle, Giant Algae

Functions of a cell

  • Metabolism

  • Excretion

  • Homeostasis

  • Reproduction

  • Growth

  • Nutrition

  • Response

  • Some ability to move

How single-celled organisms live

Function

Paramecium

Chlorella

Respiration

Diffusion of gases

By the diffusion of gases

Growth and Reproduction

Binary fission

Binary fission

Response

Surface sensitive to touch chemicals

Responds to light

Homeostasis

Excretory products diffuse out

Carbon dioxide leaves by diffusion

Nutrition

Feeds using cilia

Photosynthesis

Movement

Cilia propel organism

Floats in water

Stem Cells

  • Totipotent- Can form any cell type, embryonic tissue

  • Pluripotent- Can form any cell type

  • Multipotent- Can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

  • Unipotent- Can not differentiate, capable of self-renewal

  • Embryonic- Come from a blastocyst, like totipotent

Type of Transport

Explanation

Active or Passive

Membrane component?

Examples of molecules

Endocytosisinto the cell

Phagocytosis- eatingPinocytosis-drinking

A

Infolding of Phosopolipid bilayer

WBC- Bacteria, Pathogens, Debris, FoodVitamins, Sugars

Exocytosis

Exit the cell

A

Vesicles from Golgi fuse

Proteins, Hormones, neurotransmitters

Simple Diffusion

Go with a concentration gradient

P

Through Phospholipid bilayer

O2, CO2non-polar substances

Facilitated Diffusion

Go with a concentration gradient

P

Protein channels or protein carrier

Glucose, amino acids, polar substances

Osmosis

The net movement of H2O

P

Protein channels, Aquaporins

H2O

Ion-exchange pump

Use energy to move molecules from low to high

A

Ion pumpsSodium/potassium pumps

NA+K+

Mitosis/Cell Cycle

Interphase-G1, S, G2, normal cell

Prophase- First stage, nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes pair up, centrioles start to produce spindle fibers

Metaphase- Second phase, Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore, chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

Anaphase- Third phase, spindle fibers separate pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles

Telophase- Final phase, spindle fibers disintegrate, daughter chromatids condense, cleavage furrow forms (animal) or cell plate forms (plant), nuclear membrane reforms

Cytokinesis- Returns to normal cell

Mitotic index= Cells in mitosis/total number of cells

Organelles/function in a cell

Nucleus- houses the DNA of the cell

Mitochondria- converts ATP into energy

Rough ER- Protein synthesis

Smooth ER- Lipid synthesis

Golgi body- transportation

Vesicles- transports things inside and outside the cell

Vacuoles- storage

Ribosomes- make protein dipeptides

Nucleolus- processes of mRNA

Plasma membrane- allows things in and out, holds organelles inside

Centrioles- make spindle fibers

Lysosome- breaks down waste

Cytoplasm- a platform for organelles

Chloroplast- holds chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Cell Wall- provides a structure for plant cell