the industrial revolution

hearth of the industrial revolution: England

abundance of natural resources (coal → fuel)
government promotion of industrialization
- private property, laissez-faire policy, let businesses operate relatively freely
- free speech → spread of ideas
infrastructure
- canals, toll roads, railroads
massive urbanization movement
- growth of cities = boom in factory jobs = boom in productivity
- large unskilled workforce available for low wages

industrialization

England → Europe → United States (interrupted by Civil War) → Japan (50 years later) → South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong (post-WWII) → China (1979 start)
spread by imperialism, slowed by tariffs
imperialism boomed
- need for new markets + raw materials (eg. rubber for bicycles)
- Africa has lots of natural resources
  - infrastructure built by Europeans but built to benefit Europe → poverty in Africa, all natural resource extraction benefits Europe (exploitation)
industrialization = power
- exceptions of this theory: India and Brazil (increase in population, decrease in manufacturing)

growth poles

growth pole theory posits that economic growth takes place at clusters, or “poles,” rather than being equally dispersed across a region, grouped by key industries (eg. automotive, aeronautical, agribusiness, electronics, steel) in an area
the key industry/core industry of an area obtains goods and services from suppliers (upstream linked industries) and providing goods and services to customers (downstream linked industries)
- these are the direct effects; indirect effects include employee demand for key industries’ goods and services
expansion of the core industry means expansion of output, employment, related investments, new technologies, and new industrial sectors
regional development is unequal due to scale and agglomeration economies located near the growth pole
- the relationship will be stronger and more likely to occur if the activity is more dependent on transportation; this can lead to the creation of secondary growth poles

hearth of the industrial revolution: England

abundance of natural resources (coal → fuel)
government promotion of industrialization
- private property, laissez-faire policy, let businesses operate relatively freely
- free speech → spread of ideas
infrastructure
- canals, toll roads, railroads
massive urbanization movement
- growth of cities = boom in factory jobs = boom in productivity
- large unskilled workforce available for low wages

industrialization

England → Europe → United States (interrupted by Civil War) → Japan (50 years later) → South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong (post-WWII) → China (1979 start)
spread by imperialism, slowed by tariffs
imperialism boomed
- need for new markets + raw materials (eg. rubber for bicycles)
- Africa has lots of natural resources
  - infrastructure built by Europeans but built to benefit Europe → poverty in Africa, all natural resource extraction benefits Europe (exploitation)
industrialization = power
- exceptions of this theory: India and Brazil (increase in population, decrease in manufacturing)

growth pole theory posits that economic growth takes place at clusters, or “poles,” rather than being equally dispersed across a region, grouped by key industries (eg. automotive, aeronautical, agribusiness, electronics, steel) in an area
the key industry/core industry of an area obtains goods and services from suppliers (upstream linked industries) and providing goods and services to customers (downstream linked industries)
- these are the direct effects; indirect effects include employee demand for key industries’ goods and services
expansion of the core industry means expansion of output, employment, related investments, new technologies, and new industrial sectors
regional development is unequal due to scale and agglomeration economies located near the growth pole
- the relationship will be stronger and more likely to occur if the activity is more dependent on transportation; this can lead to the creation of secondary growth poles