Immigration

• The increase of industrial jobs encouraged large numbers of European immigrants to settle in cities in the Northeast

• Chinese settled mainly in the West, working on railroads until immgration was halted for 10 years.

• American nativism along with prejudice and violence began to rise in the United States.

• Nativism is treating a person differently simply because of what their native status means (they will be treated differently simply because they werent born here)

Urbanization

• As the population of cities grew, urban areas offered jobs and entertainment, but crime & disease became serious problems.

• New industrial technology such as skyscrapers, elevators, and trolley cars, helped cities expand.

• Political machines, such as Tammany Hall, with their corrupt practices, emerged.

• A distinct class system developed where lifestyles of the wealthy were in stark contrast to the middle and working classes.

Social Darwinism & Social Reform

• Social Darwinism, the idea of the survival of the fittest, emerged.

• Change in views of the government.

• Hayes and Cleveland became important social reformers.

• Reformers developed new ideas to help urban poor with the government taking more of a role in helping those in need.

• Congress imposed multiple reforms and tariffs and political parties split.

• Saloons, sports, amusement parks, vaudeville, and ragtime are important parts of popular culture.

• New forms of realist and naturalist art and literature evolve.

Politics of the Guilded Age

• Industrialization and new technology increased farm production and made shipping farm products easier.

• To increase political power farmers founded the Grange, the Alliance, and the Populist Party, when huge surpluses drove down food prices.

• To end patronage and limit terms, civil service reform was promoted.

The Rise of Segregation

• African Americans’ rights were lost when states added polling taxes, or required literacy tests, and passed Jim Crow laws.

• Plessy v. Ferguson upheld segregation laws.

• Education and civil rights became the primary goals of African American leaders.

Who were the progressives?

• Reacting against laissez - faire economics & focus on open market

• Belief that industrialization & urbanization created many problems.

• Belonged to both major political parties.

• Urban, educated, middle class Americans.

• Government should help fix society problems - but government needed to be fixed first.

• Science & technology could help.

The Muckrakers

• First people to express progressive ideas were journalists who investigated and reported on social conditions & political dishonesty.

• President Theodore Roosevelt called these people “muckrakers”

  • Muckraker - a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in society

• Ida Tarbell & Charles Edward Russell: Unfair actions of large corporations

• Lincoln Steffens - Vote stealing & political activities

• Jacob Riis - photographs & descriptions of the poverty, disease and crime in New York City

Making Government more efficient

• Increasing government efficiency without wasting time, energy or resources.

  Frederick W. Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) described the way a company could be more efficient

• City leaders would have supporters or friends run city departments that they did not no much about.

• Solution 1: Commission Plan

  • Divided city government into several departments under a commissioner

• Solution 2: Council Manager

  • System Employed a city manager who was hired by the city council

Democratic reforms

• Governor Robert M. La Follette made Wisconsin a “laboratory of democracy”

• Direct primary - everyone in the political party could vote for the candidate they wanted to nominate

• Initiative - the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voeter or the legislature for approval

• Referendum - the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

• Recall - the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.

Rights for Women

• Suffrage - The Right to Vote

• Seneca Falls, New York 1848

  • But still woman did not have the right to vote decades later

• State by state basis starting in the west

• Prohibition Movement - the movement to ban alcohol

Progressives v. Big Business

• Child Labor

  • Traditionally worked on farms

  • John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of the Children

• Health & Safety Codes

  • Factories, coal mines & railroads were all very dangerous

  • Workers & families were not compensated for getting hurt/death

  • Varying Supreme Court Cases

    • Lochner v. New York (1905)

    • Muller v. Oregon (1908)

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

  • Zoning Laws

Roosevelt as President

• President at age 42 (youngest person to take office at that time)

• International affairs → Social Darwinist

• Domestically → Committed progressive

• Believed that government should balance the needs of competing groups in U.S. society

• Square Deal = Reform Programs

Conservation

• Roosevelt was an outdoors enthusiast

• Thought America’s land was being used up to quickly

• 1902: Newland Reclamation Act

• Appointed conservationist Gifford Pinchot to the United States Forest Service. This would end up helping to form the EPA.

  • Regulations to control lumbering on federal lands

  • Five new national parks and fifty one wildlife reservations

Roosevelt Takes on Trusts

• Thought that trusts & other large business organizations were efficient.

• Trusts are monopolies

• Thought some monopolies hurt the public due to abuse of power.

• First target: J.P Morgan’s railroad holding company, Northern Securities

  • Company planned to exchange stock to merge different railroad systems to create a monopoly on railroad traffic.

Northern Securities & Commerce Clause

• Farmers & businesses were afraid of shipping prices

• Roosevelt ordered the attorney general to sue Northern Securities

  • AG used the Sherman Antitrust Act to charge Northern Securities with restraint of trade

• Supreme Court ruled that Morgan’s firm had not followed the Sherman Antitrust Act & Roosevelt was praised as a “trustbuster” & his population with the public grew.

The Coal Strike of 1902

• Roosevelt tried to settle conflicts among various groups in order to run the country smoothly.

• Helped resolve a coal strike between mine owners and nearly 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers

  • Workers: better pay, fewer hours, union recognition

  • Strike → coal shortage throughout the countries

• Roosevelt had the groups move towards arbitration.

• Roosevelt threatened the army if the owners did not accept

Regulating Big Business

• Roosevelt: Generally favored anti trust to maintain large American trusts (efficient & global appeal)

  • Example: U.S. Steel

• Progressive Roosevelt valued efficiency & United States had to be a world power both militarily and economically.

• Disliked the possibility for corruption and harm to the public good. Compromise → Federal agency to investigate corporations and publicize the findings.

• Best way to prevent big business from abusing its power and government was to keep the public informed

• 1903: Department of Commerce & Labor U.S. Steel investigation

  • Roosevelt worked to deescalate the situation.

  • Allowed regulation.

• 1906: Hepburn Act → Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set railroad prices.

• 1905: Consumer Protection became a national issue

  • Samuel Hopkins Adams → Patent medicine business

  • Food: The Jungle by Upton Sinclair & Dr. W. H. Wiley

• Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act = Food and Drug Administration

Roosevelt’s Legacy

• Expanded the power of the federal government

• Americans looked to the federal government to solve the nation’s economic and social problems.

• Supported his secretary of war: William Howard Taft

Taft Angered Progressives

• Tariffs = Controversial Issues

  • Higher Tariffs → Less Competition

    • Conservatives

  • Lower Tariffs → More Competition

• Progressives Taft signed a law: Payne Aldrich Tariff

• 1909: Replaced Roosevelt’s James R. Garfield with Richard A. Ballinger

  • Goes against conservation. Ballinger opened nearly a million acres of public lands to private development.

  • Fired Gifford Pinchot for investigating the deal

• Many Democratic victories in the midterm due to people being upset with Taft

Taft Achievements

• Continued antitrust cases

• 1912: established the Children’s Bureau, an agency which investigated and made public the problems of child labor

• 1910: Bureau of Mines (favors conservation)

• Taft did not continue Roosevelt’s idea of cooperation and regulation with big business

• Roosevelt will run in a new party “Bull Moose Party” against Taft “Rebpulican” in the next election.