AP PSYCH 5.2 Encoding
Types of Processing
Shallow Processing
A type of processing that requires little elaboration
Focusing on superficial and/or perceptual events
Leads to shorter retention times
Like encoding a word based on the font it was typed in
Uses surface features without speculating upon them
Deep Processing
Focusing on the meaning with deeper elaboration
Leads to longer retention times
When encoding, the information is contemplated and features beyond the immediate sense-able ones are thought of
Memories with more detail are retrieved better, even if some of the details don’t survive
Also involves connecting information to previous learning
Connecting memories to preexisting ones also aids in retrieval
Types of Encoding
Visual
Encoding based on visual stimulus
Like encoding based on a word that is both italicized and colored red
Acoustic
Encoding based on auditory stimulus
Rhyming
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Semantic
Encoding based on meaning
Leads to the best retention
This is most commonly used in deep processing
Phenomena
Spacing Effects
Massed Practice
Trying to encode everything at once
Like cramming the night before a test
Leads to poor retention
Distributed Practice
Encoding over multiple time periods
The more time given, the better retention
Spacing Effect
The principle that distributed practice lends itself to long term retention
Testing Effect
Retrieving information is more powerful than restudying and rereading
Practice tests are a more effective method of studying than just going over notes
This makes you strengthen the retrieval pathway and neural connections, which will aid on the real test
When you reread notes, you aren’t having to retrieve to strengthen anything
Order Effects
Serial Position Effect
The items that comes first and last in a list are remembered best
Relates to the recency effect
Recency Effect
Items you have just reviewed are remembered best
This could because they just recently passed through the working memory
Primacy Effect
The first items in a list are remembered best in the long term
Organizing Effects
Chunking
Clustering items into units
Especially useful if the chunk has a meaning
Remembering a phone number can become easier when you break it into three parts
You may only need two parts if the area code is one you know well
Mnemonics
Memory devices
Often use association or imagery
Key-word method, peg word method, method of loci
Hierarchies
Creating categories with subdivisions
AP PSYCH 5.2 Encoding
Types of Processing
Shallow Processing
A type of processing that requires little elaboration
Focusing on superficial and/or perceptual events
Leads to shorter retention times
Like encoding a word based on the font it was typed in
Uses surface features without speculating upon them
Deep Processing
Focusing on the meaning with deeper elaboration
Leads to longer retention times
When encoding, the information is contemplated and features beyond the immediate sense-able ones are thought of
Memories with more detail are retrieved better, even if some of the details don’t survive
Also involves connecting information to previous learning
Connecting memories to preexisting ones also aids in retrieval
Types of Encoding
Visual
Encoding based on visual stimulus
Like encoding based on a word that is both italicized and colored red
Acoustic
Encoding based on auditory stimulus
Rhyming
Advertisement jingles
Semantic
Encoding based on meaning
Leads to the best retention
This is most commonly used in deep processing
Phenomena
Spacing Effects
Massed Practice
Trying to encode everything at once
Like cramming the night before a test
Leads to poor retention
Distributed Practice
Encoding over multiple time periods
The more time given, the better retention
Spacing Effect
The principle that distributed practice lends itself to long term retention
Testing Effect
Retrieving information is more powerful than restudying and rereading
Practice tests are a more effective method of studying than just going over notes
This makes you strengthen the retrieval pathway and neural connections, which will aid on the real test
When you reread notes, you aren’t having to retrieve to strengthen anything
Order Effects
Serial Position Effect
The items that comes first and last in a list are remembered best
Relates to the recency effect
Recency Effect
Items you have just reviewed are remembered best
This could because they just recently passed through the working memory
Primacy Effect
The first items in a list are remembered best in the long term
Organizing Effects
Chunking
Clustering items into units
Especially useful if the chunk has a meaning
Remembering a phone number can become easier when you break it into three parts
You may only need two parts if the area code is one you know well
Mnemonics
Memory devices
Often use association or imagery
Key-word method, peg word method, method of loci
Hierarchies
Creating categories with subdivisions