Carbon: backbone of all biological molecules, makes ring, chains & branches

Polar: Hydrophilic

Non-polar: Hydrophobic

Acids are a H+: donor

Bases are a H+: Accept-or

C:H:O → 1:2:1

Glycosidic : linkages between carbohydrates

Monosachardies: Energy & Building. Made of ring/chain & hydroxyl. Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose.

Disacharide: Energy. Made of 2 units w/ an alpha or beta linkage. Hydroxyl. Sucrose, maltose, lactose.

Polysacharide: Storage, structure & communication. Chains and branches. Hydroxly. Starch & cellulose.

Glu + Gal = Lactose

Glu + Glu = Maltose

Glu + Fru = Sucrose

Fatty acids: Energy and cellular function. Hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl (+ hydroxyl) on the end. Non-polar.

Saturated fatty acid: single linked carbon bonds in a chain

Unsaturated fatty acids: 2+ carbon bonds in a chain (kinks)

Fat: Storage and insulation. Made of fatty acids chains and glycerol. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Butter & olive oil. Non-polar.

Triglycerides: 3 chains on the glycerol

Saturated fat: saturated chains that are straight and allow the substances to thicken

Unsaturated fat: kinky, unsaturated chains that dont let substance get thick and stay fluid

Esther linkage: linkage joining glycerol + fatty acid chains

Phospholipids: cell membrane bi-layer. Phosphate, glycerol, 2 chains & a polar unit. Non-polar. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl).

Steroids: hormones & cell response. 4 rings with 17 carbons. Hydroxly. Testosterone, cholesterol. Non-polar.

Wax: Water resistance. Long chains with alcohol rings in between. carboxyl (+ hydroxyl). Stuff on fruits, trees or stems. Non-polar.

Enzyme: biological catalyst with specific 3d shape.

Activite sites on enzyme are specific to: particular substrates.

Enzyme activity is affected by: substrate and enzyme concentrations, temp & pH.

Competitive inhibitors: enter binding site to block substrate.

Noncompetitive inhibitors: attach to another site to change enzyme shape and block substrate.

Allosteric regulation: inhbit (inhibitor) or stimulate (activator) enzyme activity by altering affinity of site for substrate.

Induced fit: not a perfect fit at first but changes shape to workout

Cofactor: non-protein sidekicks that activate enzyme by adjusting the fit for substrate

Reversible inhibition: weak binding, enzyme returns to normal after

Irreversible inhibition: strong binding, enzyme is fully disabled

Hydroxyl: Polar, soluble. Alcohols and carbs. Ethyl or glucose.

Carbonyl: Polar, soluble. Aldehydes and ketone. Acetone.

Carboxyl: Ionic, soluble, acidic (low pH). Carbonyl + Hydroxyl. Organic acids. Acetic acid (vinegar).

Amine: Ionic, soluble, basic (high pH). Amino acids. Alanie or cystine.

Phosphate: Ionic, soluble, acidic. Nucleic acids. G3P. Negatively charged when loosing H+.

Sulfhydryl: Non-polar, insoluble, di-sulfide bridges. Cystine or mercaptoethanol.

Primary structure: Amino acids → Peptide

Secondary structure: → Polypeptide

Tertiary structure: → Protein

Quaternary structure: → Functioning protein

Peptide bonds: N-C-C → N-C-C

Denaturation: happens when protein faces extreme pH, Temp, Salinity or Chemical change

Dehydration: process used to form glycosidic, esther, phosphodiesther & peptide linkages

Nucleotides → Nucleid acid (DNA/RNA) → Amino Acids

Nucleotides are made up of: Phosphate, 5C sugar & Bases.

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) in RNA.

Purines: double ringed, A, D

Pyrimidines: single ringed, T/U, C

Dehydration synthesis: water is removed so 2 units can join

Hydration synthesis: water is added to so 2 units can break down

Buffer: maintains proper pH level when compensation is needed

Amylose: unbranched helical plant starch, energy storage

Amylopectin: branches helical plant starch, energy storage

Animal starch: glycogen, energy storage

Cellulose: plant cell wall, extensive hydrogen bonding, strong and tightly packed

Chitin: fungal cell wall, insect exoskeleton

How much the human body is water? 60%

The polarity of water leads to the formation of hydrogen bonds.

H2O is the reactant in a hydrolysis reaction.

Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension in water.

Proteins are used to convey genetic information.

Enzymes allow: digestion, light energy reactions in chloroplasts & cooler body temp for reactions

Water is LESS dense at cooler temperatures. Ice floats.

Enzymes are dependent on other molecules to function.