English Vocabulary in Use - 39 History: since the dawn of civilisation

person who studies the material evidence of past societies

group of countries ruled by a single person

individual countries ruled by a king or queen

different rulers who are all from the same family, or a period of time that a country is controlled by them

beginning

period thta a king, queen or emperor rules

person who is legally entitled to continue the work of someone important who has died or who has the same position as they had

person who takes over from another person

event when a king or queen receices his/her crown

when someone or an army defeats and takes over another country

texts written by hand

person who works on the land and earns a little, usually having a low social status

person who does unskilled manual work

moving from one place to another in large numbers

very small amounts

period when the metals copper and tin began to be used to make weapons, tools, etc.

of or from the European Middle Ages, i.e. 1000–1500 AD

period of new growth of interest and activity in the arts especially in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries

period before Europeans arrived in large numbers and took power

soldiers on foot (uncountable)

soldiers on horseback (uncountable)

metal protective clothing worn by soldiers

two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse and used in ancient times for racing and war

large sailing ship with three or four masts, used in the 15th to 18th centuries

a military leader who controls a country or, more oft en, an area within a country

person legally owned by someone else and who has to work for them (noun = slavery)

leader of a country

someone who travels to places that no one is thought ever to have visited, in order to find out what is there

someone who buys and sells things in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries

neutral term for a king or queen (a country with a king or queen at its head can also be called a monarchy)

collective term for people of the highest social rank in a society