Anatomy Exam 1 PT 2

head

neck

chest

segment of upper limb closes to the trunk; the arm

forearm

wrist

hand

abdomen

pelvis

anterior pelvis

groin (crease between thigh and trunk)

lower back

buttock

thigh

kneecap

leg, from knee to ankle

calf

ankle

food

sole region of foot

3 components of _______ _________

1. all organisms composed of cells (single cells, multicellular)

2. cells come from preexisting cells 3.first level of life

-alls cells enclosed by ________ (regulates passage of material between inside of cell and its surroundings) -every cell uses ___ for its genetic information

(german physicist) w/ madden schleiden

(german botanist)- cell theory

coined term cell when looking at cork & cells

cells demonstrate structure = function -_____ have dendrites - conduct electricity -loses nucleus for extra space (carry oxygen) concave = easily movement - cells allow shortening of muscle fibers = contraction

Cells are produced by division of preexisting cells -2 types

__________ vs __________ -tiny, flagulated, higher quantities -larger, immotile, smaller numbers

for fine details, use an electron micrograph internal details use?

for fine details, use an electron micrograph external details use

projections w microfilaments (intestinal tract/respiratory tract = cough)

phospholipid bilayer and selective permeability are aspects of

cytosol: intracellular fluid of cell & organelles are both parts of

phospholipids are main structural components of membranes they have a ________ head (phosphate group and glycerol) and 2 ___________ tails

in membrane, head/tail faces out to face water

some plasma membrane ______: -cell to cell communication, structural support, adhesion, regulates exchange w fluid, physical barrier, sense extracellular stimuli

4 components of membrane

glycolipids (cell-cell communication / receptor) w ______

sterols: _______ attached to cell

integral proteins (inject in to phospholipid bilayer) might be span or _______

protein bound on one side of bilayer or

channel proteins can be _______ and will open due to ligand/stimulus

Small ________ molecules freely cross membrane (bc it is charged) -slip in between hydrophilic heads, pass through tails -Co2, o2 , glycerol, alcohol -Driven by concentration gradient

________ is polar... cannot cross membrane; aquaporins are special channels where water can cross

movement of water

movement of solutes

in diffusion/osmosis molecules move from ____ to _____

_______ 1st law of diffusion Primary thing that affects diffusion is SIZE.. increase surface to volume ratio (less volume) = FASTER

once solute and solvent are evenly distributed there is no ___ movement

________ can diffuse through membrane (O2 and CO2) -deficit o2, higher co2

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, channel mediated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of -aquaporins and water high --> low

uses atp to move solutes against concentration gradient -endocytosis (pinocytosis- vesicle forms, buds off, separates for transportation) (phagocytosis- engulfment of large organisms) (receptor mediated endocytosis- uses ligands that act as receptors) -exocytosis

Microvilli is not internal bound but it is from the membrane (have membrane but extension of plasma membrane but considered _________)

cytosol --> cytosol has -____ concentration of K+ ions, ___concentration of Na+ ions (compared to ECF) -intracellular ___ charge -high amount of protein -small amount of carbs -large reserve of aas and lipids

microvilli, free ribosomes, centriole, centrosome, fixed ribosomes, and cytoskeleton are all considered

function of _____ _______ (type of cytoskeleton) : anchor organelles, transport materials -size based on middle size of filaments

function of _____ (type of cytoskeleton): churn ECF, cell & organelle movement, essential for mitosis -tiny tubes made of tubulin

mitochondrion is ____ membrane bound.

cell divided into

cytoplasm divided into

centrioles are inside of the

__________: increase SA, churn ECF, microfilament support

• _________:(only found on sperm) external

cytoskeleton aids in

made of actin; used in muscle filaments, double helix

flagella and cilia make of ______. not the same as microvilli

ribosomes synthesize proteins using __ template

the only 2 doubled layered membranes

site of atp synthesis & oxidative phosphorylation (REVIEW)

________: houses genetic material -nuclear pores (25% of membrane- selective entrance/exit) nucleoplasm w chromatin

chromatins and how they condense

mitochondria -site of atp synthase -intermembrane space causes concentration gradient of ____ for oxidative phosphorylation -ions come from inside matrix -in plants (chloroplast)

______: make ribosomes ______: loose chromosomes

endoplasmic reticulum functions -synthesizes, stores and modifies ______ -folds of cisterna -proteins moved via vesicles -detoxification

_______ endoplasmic reticulum -stores & synthesizes proteins (moved by vesicles)

____ endoplasmic reticulum -synthesizes lipids/sterols/carbohydrates -storage of Ca++ -detoxification of toxins

_______ ________: -synthesis & packaging of secretions -packaging of enzymes for use in cytosol -renewal & modification of cell membrane

how cell membrane is regenerated: nucleus --> form at ___ golgi --> bud from ___ golgi to vesicle --> fuse w membrane

vesicle filled w digestive enzymes

vesicle filled with housekeeping enzymes (oxidase & catalase)

_________ system: golgi app & endo rect. work to make products for in & out of cell (also lysosomes & vesicles)

_____ junctions: -communication -one plasma membrane to another -opening to move, channel, no budding/fuse, Just pass (diffusion of ions/small molecules) -Allow cells to act as unit (ions for muscles, macrovilli cilia movement)

_____junction -2 bilayers stuck/sealed together → insulation, prevents loss of water

________ anchor lateral sides of cell together, through cell adhesion molecules/intracell cement -attach cytoskeleton on one size; STRONG -Zona adherens and actin -Intermediate and macula (stronger)

anchoring bottom of ( epithelial) cell to underlying cell membrane (or extracellular fibers)→ form sheet like tissue "sewn"