Topic 1.1 Skeletal System

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column

• Cervical- 7 bones

• Thoracic- 12 bones

• Lumbar- 5 bones

• Sacrum- 5 fused as 1

• Coccyx- 4 fused as 1

Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, patela, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals

• Protect vital organs

• Support and maintain posture

• Provide attachment point for muscles

• Storage and release of minerals

• Blood cell production

• Provide levers to allow movement

• Provide attachment for muscles to enable movement

• Protect organs

• Store and release minerals

• Long cylindrical shaft

• Enlarged at both ends

• Length is greater than width

  • Common for movement

• Small short cubes

  • Serves to transfer forces

• Curved surfaces

• Vary from thick to thin

  • Protection and broad surface provide large surface area for muscle attachment

• Specialized shapes and functions

• Ends of the long bone

• Made of spongy and compact bone

  • Where blood production occurs

• Shaft of the bone

• Made of compact bone

  • Envelopes marrow cavity

• Irregular lattice structure

• Stores red bone marrow

  • Where blood production occurs

Thin layer of cartilage covering the ends of the bones where joints are formed to prevent friction and absorb shock

• External layer of the bone

• Passageways for blood, nerve and lymphatic vessels

  • Important for protection and support

• Generate blood cells

  • Red bone marrow: produces blood cells

• Space in diaphysis

  • Holds yellow bone marrow

• Thin, white shiny membrane

  • Important for bone growth, nutrition, repair and attachment of ligaments/tendons

• Passes nutrient foramen in the diaphysis

Towards the feet

Towards the head

Towards the front

Towards the back

Towards the body’s mass

Away from the body’s mass

Towards the midline of the body

Away from the midline of the body

• Attaches muscle to bone

• Provides stability in synovial joints

  • Pulls on bone when muscle contracts to move

• Bone to bone

• Provides stability in synovial joints

• Bone to bone as cartilaginous joints

• Allows limited movement

Where two or more bones articulate

• No synovial cavity

• No movement

• Held by fibrous connective tissue containing collagen fibers

• No synovial cavity

• Limited movement

  • Held by cartilage

• Synovial cavity

• Bones forming joint are united by surrounding articular cartilage

• Free movement

• Synovial fluid inside the synovial membrane

• Common joint type

• Smooth tissue covering the ends of the bone at a joint

• Allows bones to glide smoothly over each other

  • Reduces friction and absorbs shock

• Lines the inner surfaces of the synovial cavity

• Secretes synovial fluid inside the capsule

• Thick fluid inside the capsule

• Lubricating articular surfaces

• Provides nutrients

• Absorbs debris

• Tiny sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid

• Found between bone and soft tissue (tendon/ligaments)

• Reduces friction between structures by preventing wear

• Crescent shaped pad of cartilage

• Helps bones fit together

• Stabilizes and cushions joints

• Extension of joint capsule

• Provides strength and stability in synovial joints

• Strong fibrous tissue

• Articular cavity enclosed by the membrane and articular cartilage

• Containing fluid

• Strong tissue enveloping the joint

• Blends into periosteum

• Giving joint stability and wanted particles from entering the joint area