Studied by 1 personWhat is the purpose of PCR?
To amplify DNA.
What occurs at 95°C during PCR?
DNA strands separate due to hydrogen bonds breaking.
What occurs at 55°C during PCR?
Primers anneal (bind) to the single DNA strands.
What occurs at 72°C during PCR?
Complementary nucleotides are added to the single stranded DNA by TAQ polymerase.
What is the correct order of temperatures for PCR?
95°C, 55°C, 72°C.
What is used to cut the DNA into fragments for gel electrophoresis?
Restriction enzymes/endonucleases.
Describe a method of making a genetic fingerprint produced during electrophoresis visible.
UV light, Southern blotting, radioactive gene probes.
What is epigenetics?
Changes in the DNA that can alter a phenotype or trait without altering the nucleotide sequence.
What is the role of transcription factors?
It binds to the DNA and will either stimulate or inhibit transcription of the gene.
Exactly what part of the DNA sequence is methylated in order to silence the gene?
Between cytosine and guanine.
How can histones be modified to change the expression of a gene?
Methylation or acetylation.
Define genome.
The complete set of genes present in a cell.
What name is given to coding sections of DNA?
Exons.
What name is given to non-coding sections of DNA?
Introns.
What type of cells can turn into any type of cell needed for a new organism and where would these be found?
Totipotent stem cells - in the zygote.
What type of cells can turn into most types of cell needed for a new organism and where would these be found?
Pluripotent stem cells - in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
What type of cells can turn into a limited range of types of cell needed for a new organism and where would these be found?
Multipotent stem cells - in the bone marrow.
What does the term iPS cells stand for?
Induced pluripotent stem cells.
Name 3 ways a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a cell
Gene gun
Virus vector
Microinjection
What is a recombinant plasmid?
A plasmid containing a foreign gene or DNA sequence
What is the role of restriction enzymes in genetic modification?
Cut open the plasmid and leave sticky ends
The same enzyme is used to cut out the target gene to produce complementary sticky ends
Give two ways soya beans have been genetically modified
Herbicide resistance
Change to fatty acid balance
What is the purpose of replica plating?
To identify recombinant cells
What is a plasmid?
A circle of DNA found in bacteria
What is a histone?
A protein which DNA wraps around when condensed
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