All Unit Vocabulary

process of acquiring new + relatively enduring info/behaviors (263)

learning that certain events occur together (264)

associate two stimuli to anticipate events (264)

associate behavior and consequence(s) (264)

event/situation that evokes response (264)

acquire mental info, by using observational learning, that guides behaviors (265)

learning from others’ experiences (265)

the view that (1. psych should be an objective science) vs (2. psych studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes) [266]

organism’s decreasing response to stimulus w/ repeated exposure to it (264)

elicits no response, BEFORE conditioning (266)

naturally/automatically triggers a response (267)

unlearned/natural occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (US) (267)

neutral stimulus ALONE now produces conditioned response (CR) (267)

the learned response to previously neutral stimulus (NS)

(1. CC: initial stage when NS links to US, making it a CS) (2. OC: strengthening of reinforced response) [268]

after already being conditioned w/ first CS, one conditioning experience is paired w/ new NS creating a, usually weaker, CS (267)

diminishing/diminished CR after repeatedly occurring CS, but no expected outcome (269)

reappearance (after pause) of an extinguished CR (269)

(once CR established) tendency to respond to stimuli that’s similar to CS (269)

learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli (270)

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer OR diminished if followed by punisher (275)

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely / behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely (275)

box w/ animal in it ; box includes things for animal to manipulate to obtain food/water/reinforcer, devices to record actions

stimulus that elicits response after association w/ reinforcement (277) / specific cue that signals individual that particular behavior will be reinforced/punished (Golden Steps ABA)

reinforcers guide actions toward desired behavior, utilize method of successive approximations (278)

any event that encourages behavior it follows / strengthens AKA increases frequency of a response (276)

add desirable stimulus/increasing behavior by presenting positive reinforcers (277-278)

remove aversive/unwanted stimulus/increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative event (278)

unlearned, innately reinforcing stimulus; like one that satisfies a biological need (278)

gains reinforcing power thru association w/ primary reinforcer (278)

reinforcing response only some of the time; not always, but not never (279)

reinforcing desired response every time it occurs (more prone to extinction if not constant) [279]

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced (279)

reinforce behavior after a set # of responses (279)

behavior is reinforced after random # of responses (Simple Psychology)

reinforces response only after a specific time has passed/elapsed (280)

reinforces response at random, unpredictable time intervals (280)

event that decreases behavior it follows (281)

administer aversive (unwanted) stimulus (281)

withdraw/take away a rewarding stimulus (281)

behavior that occurs as automatic response to stimulus (289)

associate one’s own behaviors in environment to produce rewarding/punishing stimuli (289)

system for electronically recording, amplifying, feeding back info-- regarding a physiological state (ex. blood pressure, muscle tension) [289]

learning by observing others, learning w/o direct experience (304)

process of observing and then imitating specific behavior (304)

after observing good/bad consequences from others, subject will be more OR less likely to imitate the same behavior (304)

frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire up when performing certain actions OR when observing another doing so (305)

brains enable their empathy and their ability to infer another’s mental state (307)

positive, constructive, helpful behavior (307)

ppl can observe skills being modeled effectively by experienced workers/actors simulating them (307)

if sickened after trying new food, they will avoid it thereafter (293)

animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns (296)

thoughts, perceptions, expectations (296); series of chemical + electrical signals that occur in brain that allow one to comprehend environment and gain knowledge (indeed.com)

learning becomes apparent only when there is incentive to demonstrate (297)

sudden realization of a problem’s solution / little to no systematic interaction w environment (297)

desire to perform behavior effectively for own sake (297)

desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment (298)

overuse of bribes, leading one to see their actions as externally controlled rather than internally appealing (297)

mental representation of layout of environment (297)

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods (298)

alleviate stress directly by changing stressor/the way one interacts w it (298)

alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor + attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress (298)

hopelessness + passive resignation that an organism learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events (299)

ability to control impulses + delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards (301)

perception that fates are determined by chance/outside forces beyond one’s personal control (300)

perception that one controls their own fate (300)

repetition and memorization

utilization of Rote Learning; skill gained by insight/understanding

achieved by trial and error

deeper comprehension of problem