GEOGRAPHY EXAM STUDY NOTE

the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments

refers to how the physical layout of a space can have an emotional impact on a person

• refers to how places interact with each other

• how things and people interact inside a space

refers to the layout of a space and how it has changed over time

Focuses on humans, their populations, and how they interact with their environment

focuses on the dynamics of landscapes and the environment.

a device that determines its own location based on the signal from about four satellites

A system that creates digital maps that help provide an understanding of spatial patterns and relationships

• Canadian Shield

• Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

• Hudson Bay

• Interior Plains

• Appalachian Mountains

• Innuitian Mountains – Arctic Lowlands

• Western Cordillera

conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time

is how the atmosphere “behaves” over relatively long periods of time

• distance from the equator

• movement of water from one location to another affects the temperature of the air that passes over it

four air masses in Canada: Polar – cold, Maritime – moist, Continental – dry, Tropical - warm

• distance from the water level going up

• higher the elevation, the lower the temperature

• the change of elevation and that can cause precipitation

• cooling leads to condensation on the windward side leaving the leeward side of the mountain is left dry

• climates around bodies of water are moderate

• level of precipitation is relatively high

• those away from the water are likely to have extreme changes in climate

• Arctic

• taiga

• cordillera

• pacific maritime

• boreal

• prairie

• southeastern

• Atlantic maritime

• Tundra

• West Coast Forest

• Cordilleran Vegetation

• Boreal and Taiga Forest

• Grassland

• Mixed Forest

• Deciduous Forest

• made up of solid rock

• varies in thickness

is a thick layer of molten rock (called magma)

made up of an outer liquid layer and a solid center.

• 300 million years ago all earth’s land masses were in constant motion and collided to form one supercontinent called PANGAEA (“all land”)

• About 200 million years ago Pangaea started to break up

• Pieces drifted in different directions to their present positions.

• referred to as extraction

• industries that extract or produce raw materials

• mining, forestry, fishing, agriculture

• referred to as manufacturing

• changes raw materials into usable products through processing and manufacturing

• manufacturing, engineering, chemical, clothing, brewing industries

• referred to as service industries

• provide essential services and support to allow other levels of industry to function

• finance, utilities, education, retail, housing, medical etc.

• referred to as information industries

• involves advanced technology and the transfer of information

• app creations, software development, experimentations for curing diseases, inquiry-based research

• responsible for services provided by the highest levels of organization in society

• includes services such as government, military, education, and healthcare decision-making processes

the idea that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped countries to wealthy countries, enriching the latter at the expense of the former

rural, no technology, local trade (no countries in this stage)

the beginning of urbanization, transportation systems develop, mechanized farming. (ex. Afghanistan)

urbanization starting all over the country, international trade has begun (ex Philippines)

specialization of industry, investment in social infrastructure, Improved technology. (ex. Brazil, Russia, china)

advanced technology and communication, skilled workforce. (example Canada)

resources from the periphery(underdeveloped countries) and semi-periphery(developing countries) are sent to the core(developed countries) where these resources are converted into goods and sent back into the periphery and semi-periphery

• Tariffs are taxes on items leaving or entering a country

• tariffs raise revenue, protect domestic industries, or exert political leverage over another country.

• Tariffs often result in unwanted side effects, such as higher consumer prices

The ability of an individual country to specialize in a good or service at a lower cost than trade with other countries who specializes in different good or service at a low cost so both countries can receive goods at a lower cost, overall benefiting them both

is the study of populations, population density, and historical trends in population growth

# of births /population x 1000

# of deaths /population x 1000

# of emigrations/population x 1000

# immigrations/population x 1000

Birth rate − death rate = rate of natural increase

(Immigration -Emigration ) / Total Population x 1000

Natural Increase + Net Migration

Population Growth/1000 x 100%

Used to help describe the change from a high birth and death rate to a low birth and death rate

birth and death rate are high (some growth)

• birth rate is high

• death rate drops dramatically

• results in population explosion

• birth rate drops quickly

• death rate continues to decline

• birth rate stabilizes

• death rate slightly increases as population ages

• fewer children more senior

Canada’s population is slowly decreasing due to its large senior population of baby boomers, therefore, increasing death rates

The part of the population that relies on the working population for support(children 0-15, seniors 65+)

A series of stages that countries are assumed to go through the same pattern

• High child dependency

• Low senior population

• Growing working age group

• Low senior population

• Growing senior population

• More even distribution

• Low child dependency

• High working population

Factors that cause people to leave the country in which they live

Factors that draw immigrants to a different country

Forces that discourage or stop someone from following through on their decision to immigrate.

Migrating into a place (into a place)

migrating away from a place (exiting a place)

a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

• The First Nations and Inuit of Canada are the original inhabitants

• Immigrants from Europe came and dominated the land causing a descendant of immigrants in Canada

• Aging Population

• High Life Expectancy

• Increasing Death Rate

• Decreasing Birth Rate

• More immigrants

• High senior population

• Low children population

Irish settlers - left due to the devastating potato crop failure causing starvation.

Eastern Europe - Canadian government offered free land and other incentives to immigrants

Italians - trying to flee the devastation caused by WWII

Hungarians - failed revolt against the Soviet Union

Hong Kong Chinese - searching for political stability

Afghanistans - seeking safety from conflicts in their country.

Syria- 73,000 refugees from due to war.

Ukaine - trying to flee the invading of Russia

• Immigrants help replace the previous working population, the baby boomers,

• Immigrants help provide for the dependency load

• Immigrants help sustain the economy

• Bring education and knowledge from other countries which can benefit Canada

• Some people take advantage of the immigration system by claiming refugee status for immediate entry into the country

• Some immigrants may not be qualified to assist in the economy (senior citizens or children)

• Overcrowding, therefore, there is a demand for more necessities such as housing, hospitals, etc

1. Residential (housing developments/ apartments)

2. Transportation (infrastructure= roads, railroads)

3. Institutional and public buildings (schools, government buildings, community centers)

4. Open Space and recreational (parks, forests, lakes)

5. Industrial (factories, plants)

6. Commercial (grocery stores, malls, shops, etc)

the spreading of urban structures into areas surrounding a city in order to provide more for a community

• when a place can be maintained at a certain level for as long as is needed.

is the accessibility to necessary everyday stores and places

describes the price range that a household (or firm) would be willing to pay at various locations in order to achieve a given level of satisfaction

Residential areas outside of main urban areas that are connected to the city by main roads.

Residential areas outside main urban areas that are not connected to the city by main roads (e.g. farm/open space).