bio bs

carbon- oxygen- hydrogen- and nitrogen

a particle smaller than an atom in size

no charge - mass of 1 - located in the nucleus

charge of +1 - mass of 1 - located in the nucleus

charge of -1 - no mass - located outside of the nucleus

you subtract the atomic number from the mass number in order to find the number of protons. if it is neutral, the number of electrons will be equal to the number of protons.

Isotopes are members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. For example, carbon 12, carbon 13, and carbon 14 are isotopes of carbon.

Electrons are the subatomic particles that play a role in forming chemical bonds. --The number of electrons in the outer most shell of an atom determine its reactivity.

--The atomic number is the number of protons in each atom of a particular atom. \n --The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

--An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. \n --An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means.

--A compound is a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio. \n --A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

• In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons.

• A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides of two or more molecules.

• In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to another atom.

chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and the elements in the reactants are rearranged, forming new chemical bonds and forming products with a different composition than the reactants.

Polar covalent bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, while nonpolar covalent bonds result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms

hydrogen bond

hydrogen bond - cohesion

water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients

a measure of how acidic/basic something is

The scale has values ranging from zero (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic)

The pH of acids are values less than 7 and the pH of bases are greater than 7. Acids have a sour taste, and bases have a bitter taste.

the pH range where a buffer can effectively neutralize added acids and bases whilst maintaining a steady pH

carbon's ability to readily form bonds with other atoms, giving flexibility to the form and function that biomolecules can take, such as DNA and RNA, which are essential for the defining characteristics of life: growth and replication.

is any chemical compound that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds

they are the portion of a molecule that is capable of characteristic reactions. They, therefore, determine the properties and chemistry of many organic compounds

The chains that cells make most of their large molecules by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers

a process in which reactants lose one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms in the form of water molecules or molecules.

a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant

A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule. This includes glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are double sugars, such as sucrose (table sugar). Polysaccharides are long chains, such as plant and animal starches.

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Triglycerides: Function as a long-term energy source in animals (fats) and plants (oils) Phospholipids: Structural component of cell membranes. Steroids: Act as hormones in plants and animals, and is a structural component of animal cell membranes (cholesterol)

Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain

through a manufacturing process that adds hydrogen to vegetable oil, which converts the liquid into a solid fat at room temperature. This process is called hydrogenation

In a protein, amino acid monomers are held together by covalent peptide bonds between the amino group of one monomer and the carboxylic acid group of the adjacent monomer.

The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The significance of the unique sequence, or order, of amino acids, known as the protein's primary structure, is that it dictates the 3-D conformation the folded protein will have. This conformation, in turn, will determine the function of the protein

A protein becomes denatured when its normal shape gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken.

A nucleotide is a monomer that serves as the building blocks for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). Examples of nucleotides are ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides.

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned into a function.

used to observe small objects, even cells. The image of an object is magnified through at least one lens in the microscope

a general statement in biology that all living things consist of cells each of which has come from a previously existing cell.

With larger cells, there is also less plasma membrane available to transport substances in and out of the cell since the surface area is reduced. This is why the surface area to volume ratio of cells limits cell size. The cell membrane is responsible for the transport of substances into and out of the cell.

The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms.

Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea. Examples of eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants, and animals

This compartmentalization vastly improves the efficiency of many cellular functions and prevents potentially dangerous molecules from roaming freely within the cell.

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane.

All prokaryotic cells are encased by a cell wall. Many also have a capsule or slime layer made of polysaccharide. Prokaryotes often have appendages (protrusions) on their surface. - looks like a tampon

• The nucleus (plural, nuclei) houses the cell's genetic material, or DNA, and is also the site of synthesis for ribosomes, the cellular machines that assemble proteins.

• The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, and Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane. These cellular components work together to modify, package, tag, and transport proteins and lipids that form the membranes.

• A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, breaking down fuel molecules and capturing energy in cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found in plants and algae. They're responsible for capturing light energy to make sugars in photosynthesis.

The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.

The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component.

Microfilaments thicken the cortex around the inner edge of a cell; like rubber bands, they resist tension. Microtubules are found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces. Intermediate filaments are found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place

Cilia has slender, microscopic, short hair like structure whereas flagella have long hair like filamentous cytoplasmic complex structure. Both are the most common organelles and have locomotive structures. They are found in unicellular organisms.

Most animal cells release materials into the extracellular space, creating a complex meshwork of proteins and carbohydrates called the extracellular matrix (ECM). A major component of the extracellular matrix is the protein collagen.

Unlike the gap junctions, tight junctions are found only in epithelial cells. Gap junctions are widespread in distribution. Tight junctions make barriers and prevent or reduce transport of substances in the extracellular space between cells while gap junctions make passages which allow passing molecules between cells.

It provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens.

no

Lysosomes - breaks down large molecules no longer needed by the cell and transports them to sites of disposal. Golgi Apparatus - modifies and sorts proteins. Nucleolus - site of ribosome manufacture. Vesicles/vacuoules - can store or transport different matter within a cell.