Studied by 4 people7 diatomic elements
Bromine (Br), iodine (I), nitrogen (N), (Cl) chlorine, hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), fluorine (F),
characteristics of metals
lose electrons when they react (oxidize), low specific heat capacity
characteristics of nonmetals
most gases at room temp, poor conductors, solid nonmetals are brittle (besides solid carbon, diamond), gain or share electrons when they react.
characteristics of metalloids
lustrous, brittle, semiconductive
group/family
vertical column
period
horizontal row
alkali metals characteristics
1 valence electron, react violently w/ water, resulting solution is basic, 1+ when forming ions
alkaline earth metals (group 2A)
also form basic solution when added to water, two valence electrons, 2+ when ions form
transition metals(d-block metals)
MOM(metals w/ multiple charges) ions except for zinc, cadmium, and silver
Halogens (group 17, 7A)
All have 7 valence electrons, become 1- charge when form ions, fluorine is the most reactive halogen
Noble gases/inert(nonreactive) gases (group 18, 8A)
All 8 valence electrons except for He (2 valence)
Inner transition metals (f-block)
first row is lanthanide series, second is actinide (radioactive) series
only liquid elements at room temp
mercury (metal) and bromine (halogen)
solids at room temp
all metalloids, iodine, iodine, sulfur, phosphorous, selenium, and carbon (solid nonmetals)
order of blocks
s, d,p, f (inner transition)
what elements are "losers" of electrons
metals
what elements gain electrons
nonmetals
Why don't noble gases become ions
tendency to covalent, not ionic bonds
Which transition metals don't have MOM ions
cadmium, zinc, silver
zinc and cadmium
2+
silver
1+
(% abund. * mass)+(% abund. * mass)
aam, x+y=1
1 cal =
4.184 J
specific heat of water
4.184 J
specific heat
Q = mcAt
vaporization/fusion equations
q= mol*H
make ____ when condensing and freezing
negative
fusion equation when
melting, freezing
vaporization equation when
vaporization, condensation
solid → gas
sublimation
gas → solid
deposition
heat transfer equation
-mcat = mcat (losing heat=gaining heat)
Rutherford model of atom
nuclear model
millikan discovery
charge of electron
jj thompson atom model
plum pudding
who discovered electrons
jj thompson
half life amount remaining
init amt * 1/2^n
order of ion charges on right
+3, +-4, -3, -2, -1, 0
speed, wavelength, frequency equation
c=wv
electromagnetic radiation speed
3.00 * 10^8 m/s
calc energy at any frequency
E =hv (h=3.00 * 10^18)
Bohr’s Model
planetary
s orbital
spherical
d & f orbitals
complex
p-orbital
dumbbell
start from lowest energy orbital
Aufbau
No two electrons can have same spin
Pauli
each orbital must be occupied by one electron before a second electron
Hund’s
increases when going up and right
EA, EN, NR, IE
increases when down and left
AR, MR
shielding increases
when you move down the group
order
energy level, sublevel, orientation, spin
which periodic trends don’t apply to noble gases?
EN, EA, NR
Planck’s constant
6.626 * 10^-34 Js
Note
Flashcard