Everything

• Large number of identical molecules

• Volume of gas is negligible

• No forces between molecules

• Motion is random

• All collisions are elastic (Energy is conserved)

• Molecules are compressed

• Close to a phase change(All internal energy is potential)

when the mass of a star is greater than three times the mass of the sun, it will become a black hole

When the mass of the star is less than three times the mass of the sun, it will turn into a neutron star

Because fusion increases as they burn the remaining parts of an element then temperature increases surface area decreases due to gravity, pulling it in and then surface area increases and temperature decreases so we pulsating brightness

1. Water vapor

2. Carbon dioxide

3. Methane

4. Oxygen and ozone

5. Nitrogen oxide

10³

10-²

10-³

10^-6

10^-9

v= final velocity m/s

u= initial velocity m/s

a= acceleration m/s²

t= time s

s= displacement m

u= initial velocity m/s

a= Acceleration m/s²

t= time s

Joules

Si units kg m²/s²

Watt (w)

Si units kg m²/s³

• Boyles law

• Charles law

• Pressure law

As volume increases pressure decreases

As temperature increases volume increases

And temperature increases pressure increases

Amount reflected my a surface

e≈ power radiated by a surface

Power radiated from a black body radiator of the same temperature and area

Albedo =power scattered by a surface

incident power

Reflected ex. Snow

are always between 0 and 1 Usually add up to one

70 km/s Mpc

The red shift due to the growth of the universe. The growth of the universe stretches space and time increasing the distance between objects this then stretches the wave length, leading to an observed red shift.

Decreased wavelength decreased distance form and an object

Object is moving towards you in space

Increased wavelength increased distance

Object is moving away from us in space

Doppler shift

Z= change in wavelength /original wavelength = v/c

Z= shift

v= velocity

c= speed of sound

emissivity = 1

range of wavelengths when heated

• Rising sea level

• Increased humidity

• Melting glaciers

• Less sea ice

• Less snow cover

Temperature decreases and frequency increases

z = R/Intial R-1

Power emitted by a star

• Watts (W)

• L = oAT^4

The intensity of a star

• Wm²

• b= L/4(pi)(r²)

Measuring how hot or cold something is

Average kinetic energy

All molecules stop moving

Bigger objects have higher internal energy because it has more mass - more mass= more total energy

• From hot to cold

• Because fast moving particle collide with slow moving particles and increase their velocity, kinetic energy and temperature

Amount of energy required to heat one kilogram by one degree kelvin

Material that energy can be transferred as heat

Material that transfers energy poorly

Q = heat energy ( J)

M = mass ( kilograms )

C = specific heat capacity (J/kg)

Change in temperature ( C and K)

Newtons (N)

Si units 1 kg m/s²

Q=ML

Q = j

M= kg

L = j / kg

When many molecules collide with the side of a container it’s measured

Pa pascahals

Si units kg/ms² or N/m²

• Conduction - direct contact

• Convection - circulating of fluids with different temperatures

• Radiation - transferred through a vacuum waves

Frequency - 10^14

Wavelength- 400nm -700nm

1. Radio waves

2. Microwaves

3. Infrared waves

4. Visible light

5. Ultraviolet

6. X-ray

7. Gamma rays

P = watts

e = emissivity

o = 5.67× 10^-8 Wm^-2k-4

T = absolute temperature (k)

When a black body radiator is heated up it emits a range of different wavelengths

• Max wavelength = 2.9×10^-3/T

• Temperature increases peak wavelength increases

• Peak wavelength increases frequency increases

I = P/A

Wm^-2= W/m²

1. Energy introduced

2. some energy is absorbed

3. Un absorbed energy is bounced around off gassed in the atmosphere and trapped in earth’s atmosphere

Si units - J*s

either a wave or a photon

Electron volt is a unit if energy

They are the approximate inverse of eachother

Unit: watt (W)

Si units: 1kgm²s-³

Units: voltage (v)

Definition: potential difference

Unit: amps (A)

Si units: 1Cs^-1

Units: joules (J)

Si units: 1kgm²s-²

• Voltage is equal throughout the circuit

• Currents add up to the total current

• 1/R total is = 1/R +1/R2

• Current is equal throughout the circuit

• Total voltage = v1+v2

• Total resistance = R1+R2

Iron-56

When ever a electron jumps down an energy level

A helium nucleus

An anti neutrino

A neutrino

An alpha or beta particle (energy)

uud

udd

ds

du

When there is total animation or spontaneously forming protons and electrons

3600 arc second (as)

It collapses in on itself

• Parallax d=1/p

• Cepheid. b=L/4pid²

• H.R diagrams. Max wavelength(T)= 2.9×10-³mk

• Red shift. z=new wavelength/og wavelength ≈v/c