WHAP Vocabulary Test #2

Noblemen

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton

Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan soldier and statesman who played a central role in the South American independence movement. Bolívar served as president of Gran Colombia (1819–30) and as dictator of Peru (1823–26). The country of Bolivia is named for him.

an unquestionable truth decreed by the church or by God.

the concentration of power at the top of an organization

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production,

established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria, in what is now northeastern China.

the action of a state whereby its sovereignty is placed between its citizens and the federal government.

A revolution in Russia in 1917-1918, also called the October Revolution, that overthrew the czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power.

the hereditary military dictatorship that ruled over Japan from 1603 until 1868

A number of trading city-states along the east coast of Africa that played a significant role in Indian Ocean trade.

a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better.

a military alliance originally established in 1949 to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.

unhappy, desolate;miserable.

a policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.

a Russian revolutionary who overthrew the tsarist system in Russia, and helped create the U.S.S.R.

to surround (a fortified area, esp a city) with military forces to bring about its surrender. to crowd round; hem.

a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices

a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

a common way for poor Europeans to emigrate to the Americas

Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration and colonization in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

threat or use of punitive measures against states, groups, or individuals in order to force them to undertake or desist from specified actions.

a Muslim explorer, voyager, and navigator who greatly expanded the economic reach of China in India, Africa, and various countries in the Middle East.

the act of pushing a situation to the verge of war, in order to threaten and encourage one's opponent to back down.

the transfer of part of the powers of the central government to regional or local authorities.

the policy of extending a country's power and influence by exploiting another country through diplomacy or military force for economic gain.

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

granted colonists the right to demand labor of native peoples in the mines and fields.

the mother of Jesus and a very important saint in the Roman Catholic religious tradition—appeared to a man named Juan Diego in Mexico in 1531

Fought between 1950 and 1953 between North Korea and its Soviet and Chinese allies and South Korea and United Nations' forces directed by the United States.

soldiers in the Ottoman Empire who had once been Christians, prior to their enslavement and forced service in the Ottoman army

a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity.

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state.

past actions, decisions, or events that have established a standard or model for future actions or decisions.

refers to any destruction of images, including the Byzantine Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighth and ninth centuries

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.

a person appointed by a state, intergovernmental, or nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations.

“religious community.” - the Ottomans used it to give minority religious communities within their Empire limited power to regulate their own affairs, under the overall supremacy of the Ottoman administration.

the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication.

1494-1566; the most distinguished sultan of the Ottoman Empire; also known as “The lawgiver” He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation

A kind of forced loan or contribution levied by kings without legal authority; or an act of kindness

wealth and abundance.

permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England—and, later, the United Kingdom—representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy

dominant power or supreme authority.

Chinese dynasty that provided an interval of native rule between eras of Mongol and Manchu dominance.

the group of people who came directly from the Iberian Peninsula in Spain to the colonies in the Americas.

Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or the teaching of any specific religion.

South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile.

people born in Louisiana during the colonial period, who spoke French, Spanish and/or creole languages, and practiced the Roman Catholic faith regardless of their ethnicity.

lacking in skill or ability

large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

the wartime military alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire

-occurs within an economy when total output is either declining, flat, or growing slowly.

-a failure to develop, progress, or advance.

a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353. One of the most fatal pandemics in human history, as many as 50 million people perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population.

the first king of Portugal.

agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands outside of Europe.

the act of supplication made by an inferior to his superior by kneeling and knocking his head to the floor.

a series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804, was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French and the establishment of an independent country founded and governed by former slaves.

a syncretic Bakongo Catholic movement formed in the Kingdom of Kongo between 1704 and 1708, as a development out of the Catholic Church in Kongo, yet without denying the authority of the Pope.

a meeting of European nations that set out a strategy to maintain peace and stability throughout the continent

The Spanish Empire adopted a Casta System to classify all of the Americas' various races and racial combinations, as well as where Spaniards were born.

marked the first time that the Barons of England united to restrict the King's power through legal, rather than militant, tactics.

Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652.

issued by the National Assembly on August 27, 1789. The document was written by Marquis de Lafayette with the help of Thomas Jefferson. It outlined the natural and legal rights of French citizens and limited the power of King Louis XVI.

to cause to be worried or upset

It theorizes that capitalism will bring about its own destruction by polarizing and unifying the proletariat, and predicts that a revolution will lead to the emergence of communism, a classless society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all".

commonly refers to a mixed-race ancestry that includes white European and black African roots.

directed at Europe to suggest that the Ottoman Empire belonged among the European nations as well as a commitment to transform the Empire based on European models.

people of mixed ancestry with a white European and indigenous background.

Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa

the ideas and practices from one culture spread to other cultures.

people violently opposed to technological change

a place-based human ethnic culture that has not migrated from its homeland, and is not a settler or colonial population.

a failed rebellion against the rule of the British East India Company (EIC) in India.

a factor that seems to work against or actively harm something

a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed.

the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa.

warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

devotion to God or to religious practices/respecting elders

a speech in which Roosevelt stated that European intervention in the Western Hemisphere was over.

the act of praying to a deity on behalf of others, or asking a saint in heaven to pray on behalf of oneself or for others

a populist economic and political system based on collective, common, or public ownership of the means of production.

worthy of or causing disgust or hatred

an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.

to come together in position or happen at or near the same time.

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization and imperialism.

a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine.

a conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims in the region around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.

a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law. (associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu).