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Primary purpose of the larynx
To close off the airway
How does protection of the airway work
the airway is sealed off and can be cleared with a cough
How does thoracic fixation work
the thorax is stabilized and enables pressure buildup
What the larynx does for speech production
functions as a voice box for phonation
What is phonation
voicing/ vibration of the vocal folds
Why can we consider the larynx a 2-way valve?
Because it lets food in and air out
Cricoid cartilage
specialized tracheal ring, is the only one not open in the back, most inferior larnygeal hyaline cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
the largest laryngeal cartilage, anterior point of attachment inside for vocal folds, hyaline cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
ride on the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage, posterior point of attachment for vocal folds, mostly hyaline
Cricoarytenoid movement
rocking, gliding and rotation
Cricothyroid movement
rotation and gliding
Intrinsic membranes
made up of quadrangular membrane and conus elasticus which are the two major sections that cover the inside of the larynx
Extrinsic membranes
connect the larynx with surrounding structures
Both true and false vocal folds are located
By connecting the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoids
Purpose of true vocal folds
produce vocal sound, aid with breathing and swallowing
Purpose of false vocal folds
Close for swallowing and thoracic fixation
Differences true vs. false vocal folds
False vocal folds are superior to true vocal folds, true vocal folds have five layers
Similarities true vs. false vocal folds
both connect thyroid to arytenoids
Which layers are most compliant? Which layers are least compliant? of vocal folds
Squamous epithelium, superficial, intermediate, deep lamina propria, thyroarytenoid muscle
definition of vocal ligament
Superior margin of conus elasticus
Membranous characteristics
jello-like, bundle of soft rubber bands
Cartilaginous characteristics
bundle of cotton thread, bundle of stiff rubber bands
Glottis
space between the true vocal folds
Subglottis
the lowest part of the larynx
Ventricle
a fluid filled cavity
Vestibule
a passage between inner and outer structures
Anterior commissure
anterior connection point of the true vocal folds
Location of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages
Function, innervation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
open, close, tense, and relax the vocal folds- fine adjustments control phonation
how phonation works
When the vocal folds are loosely adducted, a passing air stream with enough pressure sets the vocal folds into vibration
Cover vs. transition vs. body and compliance
highly compliant cover vibrates differently than stiff body
Relationship to the mucosal wave
helps explain complexity of vocal folds vibration (mucosal wave)
Myoelastic theory of phonation
muscles adduct and control tension to prepare for phonation at desired pitch
Aerodynamic theory of phonation
vocal folds activated by airstream from lungs and perpetuated by oscillations in air pressure and air flow
position of vocal folds during phonation
Vocal folds are loosely adducted during phonation
What are the changes in velocity and pressure?
Velocity increases as pressure decreaces
What effect does it have on a compliant, narrow constriction?
That if the walls are pliable they will be pushed together
relationship to vocal folds as self-sustaining oscillator (Basically, how does the combination of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory, the cover body theory, and the Bernoulli principle work together to help explain how the vocal folds can oscillate/vibrate at hundreds or thousands of cycles per second without muscular effort [i.e., self-sustaining])
Medial pressure building then Bernoulli principle is in effect, for four cycles, as vocal folds vibrate in a self-sustaining manner.
Infrahyoid
muscles connect the hyoid to a structure below it
Suprahyoid
muscles connect the hyoid to a structure above it
Laryngeal depressors
lower the hyoid and larynx
Lanryngeal elevators
elevate the hyoid and larynx
role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles during phonation
responsible for sound production and the movements of the laryngeal cartilages and folds themselves
why the vocal folds are blown apart
to allow a steady airstream to flow
why the vocal folds return to midline
For closure, to prevent things from getting in