Ap Euro Unit 2

Limited oligarchical government. House of orange was like we want a monarchy so they became kind of a monarchy. Merchants and land owners were also important.

Port cities, Very much more diverse than the rest of Europe, a bit capitalistic, very tolerant.

There was a money shortage which forced these governments to create new banks. Created paper money, which promoted loans. In England the bank was separate from the King, so it could provide loans and the country wouldn't go to shit when the King became poor.

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-Faire government, no monopolies, created by Adam Smith, created a lot less government involvement in the economy which was a new idea for Europe..

system of production in which work was controlled by a central agent but conducted by various people in their own homes. less efficient and unreliable, however it was an important step towards industrialization and capitalism.

Wealthy landowning class, not nobles

laws during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England that address poverty and assistance measures.

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings. Also wrote Leviathan and supported absolutism. (1588-1679)

A French bishop and politician. He was a strong believer of absolutism and divine right. He believed that attacking the King was like attacking God himself. Believed the king was only accountable to God

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

A series of violent uprisings by the nobles during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation. Louis won

The main court of law in France, which competed with members of the court for influence over the king. Members were known as "nobility of the robe," while the hereditary, military-oriented courtiers were "nobility of the sword".

"Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes

revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Gov controlled economy to benefit state Purpose:gain wealth-more wealth, more power, Imports down, exports up, raised tariffs (tax on incoming goods) so they would buy more in the country and boost sales, money spent on improving roads/communication, making canals, unified internal markets(domestic) limited by internal taxes(tariffs)

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

agreement in which Spain gave England the exclusive right to provide African slaves to Spanish colonies for a period of 30 years.

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

men must have shaved beards, and short cut coats. Western style dances were also promoted there. Also, the capital of Russia was moved west to St. Petersburg, which was important because the Great Northern War was waged by Russia to gain that territory, and made them into a major power.

Issued by Peter the Great to draw nobles into state service, it made rank in the bureaucracy or military, not family connections, the determinant of individual's social status

The Great Northern war started in 1700 because Norway, Saxony, and Russia saw an opportunity to take the swedish empire as it was ruled by young charles XII. It ended in 1721, with a Russian victory giving them access to the baltic sea.

Built by peter the great to attract the hoes and get bitches. He did this to westernize Russia

Created new bureaucracy the "General War Commissariat." Its purpose was to organize the state to provide what their army of professional soldiers required. Made nobles tax exempt and taxed the **** out of the peasants.

the Prussian war commission that levied taxes, oversaw the army, and was used to govern the state

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism. (nobles)

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded (L)

an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense. Implemented without parliamentary approval. Charles is a naughty one for that

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Disgruntled soldiers in Cromwell's New Model Army who wanted to "level" social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners.

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He put another dent in the idea of humans as a divine creation.

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

developed the scientific method

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Invented calculus, three laws of motion,

educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

This Italian philosophe wrote On Crimes and Punishment, which focused on reforms within the criminal justice system including the right to a speedy trial as well as certain punishment to deter future crime.

Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (1657-1757) was a French author who wrote about scientific topics. He wrote in a way that more common people could understand, which allowed access to more information for more people. One of his most popular works was Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds) which focused on the earth, sun, moon, and other celestial objects. This was one of the ways that the ideas of the scientific revolution were spread to people who were not scientists.

travel book account of his journey to Tahiti New Zealand and Australia; educated Europeans on different cultures and introduced idea of "natural man" who was far happier than many Europeans

society funded by Louis XIV, which was thought to benefit the king and state and emphasized practical science for new tools and machines

Formed by King Charles the 2nd in 1660, the Royal Scientific Society was a collection of English scientists and mathematicians.

Salons were informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women. These gatherings were really important because they gave intellectuals space outside the royal court and Catholic sponsored universities. They increased the status and influence of women

These play a huge role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the ottoman empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology.

King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Ruled Russia. Enlightened Despot. She believed in religious tolerance, abolished torcher, and ruled based on Montesquieu and Beccaria's ideas. (Slay)

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

A newtonian world order is a world is opperationed to a fixed set of rules. This was important because this made people realize that the world did in fact have a set rules even though they didn't know it yet. The people often relied on higher intellectuals or people higher up then them to come up with those rules.

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Reason" was the term the philosophes used to describe how they came to their conclusions about the world. Growing in popularity during the Enlightenment, Europeans applied the scientific method to the understanding of all life. It became the universal source of knowledge and truth among Enlightenment thinkers.

The Woman Question was a broad debate throughout Europe regarding the nature of women, their capabilities, and the extent of their education.

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

The reason for the population growth was not because of increased birth rate, it was because of reduced death rate. The death rate went down because of a stable food supply, new crops, less wars, the end of major plague outbreaks, and the development of the smallpox vaccine.

Urbanization increases across the 18th century. The effects are greater in England and the Netherlands (and then in major population centers like Paris and Berlin). Population growth fueled by and combined with the agricultural revolution and decreased threat of the plague meant there were more people generally and they had less work to do in the countryside so they moved to cities to find new opportunities.

classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences

Popular culture across most of Europe remained fairly untouched by Science and the Enlightenment, especially in Eastern Europe (low literacy rates) and Catholic countries like France Spain and Italy (schools controlled by the Jesuits). This created a gap between the elites in society and everyone else which led to a dangerous disconnect between social groups - they stopped interacting and didn't know each other. Which will help explain why when the French revolution comes, it is so radical.

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

brought in new crops (including potatoes, corn, turnips, ect.) to European countries. The agricultural revolution also introduced new machinery that cut the time of planting crops significantly and it also introduced the process of selective breeding. This was significant because less people throughout europe found themselves starving and had new varieties of food to eat. Also since the time was cut down for planting crops, more crops are able to be grown then ever before.

Population growth because there was enough food to support more people which in itself gives more opportunities for societies to evolve(more ideas and minds) Population distribution People have to move to where there's space

a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

illegal to distill gin in England, increased taxes on the sale of gin. This was a response by Parliament to increased urbanization in England.

In France and places east of there, nobles squeezed the peasants for additional funds by turning to their traditional rights and privileges. They called these seigneurial duties. These included paying dues to the noble to grind grain for bread or to use wine presses.

The basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe

The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

urban workers attacked a royal prison in Paris. They took gunpowder and weapons that were stored there; prisoners were freed. This is now celebrated as a national holiday of revolution and independence.

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789

Removed the privilege of the nobility which allowed them to be above the law and gave them unearned privileges.

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legasliative Assembly, absolute monarchy is abolished, forcing the king to obey

They were the urban poor; they were the cooks/servants who were paid low wages and were often out of work

No more restrictions based on who can enter a guild. These restrictions were abolished during the revolution

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

On October 5, 1789 an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

clubs of the radical, revolutionary-advocating Jacobins who were a crucial part of the administration of the Revolution throughout France since their prevalence meant pro-Revolutionary information could be easily spread

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.