Final Exam Study Guide

the chief protein of most connective tissues and the underlying matrix on which bones and teeth are built.

chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation and serve as messengers.

a genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease.

interferes with the body’s handling of phenylalanine (from dietary protein) which may result in serious harm to the brain & nervous system if left untreated.

a genetic form of anemia characterized by abnormal crescent- shaped RBCS which interferes with oxygen transport and blood flow, it is caused by an altered 6th amino acid.

the wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along.

the protective fibrous coating around a grain, the chief fiber constituent of a grain.

a disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response, nutrient malabsorption, weight loss, and intestinal inflammation on exposure to dietary gluten.

the outer inedible part of a grain.

the globular protein of RBCs whose iron atoms carry oxygen around the body via the bloodstream.

the bulk of the edible part of a grain.

made & stored in liver and muscle tissues, the storage form of glucose.

the nutrient- rich inner part of a grain.

FDA- approved food label statements that link food constituents with disease or health- related conditions (ex:"a diet low in total fat may reduce the risk of some cancers)

lipoproteins that pick up cholesterol from body cells and carry it to the liver for disposal (smaller, denser, packaged with more protein)

a set of five lists of values for measuring the nutrient intakes of healthy people in the United States and Canada.

FDA- approved food label statements that describe the nutrient levels in food (ex:"fat free "or "less sodium)

4 kcals/g

4 kcals/g

7 kcals/g

9 kcals/g

nutrient standards used on food labels and on grocery store and restaurant signs

adequacy; expected to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people

research & policy

adequacy; nutrient intake goals for individuals set when scientific data are insufficient to allow establishment of an RDA value and assumed to be adequate for healthy people

risk reduction; levels of nutrients associated with low risks of chronic diseases

safety; the highest average daily nutrient levels that are likely to pose no risk of toxicity to almost all healthy individuals

healthful ranges for energy-yielding nutrients; values for carbohydrate, protein, and fat expressed as percentages of total daily caloric intake

45-65%

20-35%

10-35%

unregulated statements allowed on food label describing the effect of a substance on the structure or function of the body but omit references to diseases