Chpt 11

The efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system are . . .

___________ division controls skeletal muscles through neuromuscular joints and is mostly voluntary

___________ division controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands in homeostasis, and is mostly involuntary

the _______ division controls antagonistic controls and agonists and antagonists in research and medicine

The two branches of the autonomic system are the ______ and ____________

the __________ branch of the autonomic system promotes “fight or flight” mode

The ____________ branch promotes homeostasis and maintenance

The parasympathetic maintains what is commonly known as the “____ and _______” mode

much of homeostatic nervous regulation is __________ and reflects a balance between opposing control systems

__________ activity prepares the body for short-term actions and responses

__________ activity adjusts body physiology for long-term well-bring

this part of the brain integrates much of our sensory information, and is also a major point of efferent control

Coordination of homeostatic responses can occur in three ways

The hypothalamus regulates . . .

The pons regulate . . .

The medulla regulates

Autonomic control centers in the brain include . . .

The control of the __________ division is unconscious, although we can become aware of its effects.

Most internal organs are under ______ control, and receive two separate nervous inputs with opposite effects

The _____ nerve carries most of the parasympathetic information and contains about 75% if all parasympathetic fibers

The contains (sensory/efferent/both) nerves

Autonomic system efferent nerves are typically (mono/bi)-synaptic and make use of ganglia just outside of the CNS

Bi-synaptic connections require _____ synapses, and these differ between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Neurons from both divisions use ______________ as the neurotransmitter at their ganglionic synapses

__________ neurons use Acetylcholine (ACh) at their target tissues, while __________ neurons use Norepinephrine (NE).

At their target tissues, autonomic neurons have many __________ (swellings) which release neurotransmitter collectively at neuroeffector junctions

Autonomic neuron NT release, function, and removal at neuroeffector junctions are of classic __________ ____________ form

Much of the sympathetic activity is mediated by the release of epinephrine by the _______ portion of the adrenal gland

The ______ (cortex) region of the adrenal gland is glandular, while the _______ (medulla) portion is a modified sympathetic ganglion

The _______ is activated by spinal sympathetic input and releases adrenalin into the bloodstream

The adrenaline from the adrenals and norepinephrine from the sympathetic neurons act on (the same/different) target tissue receptors

Pupil dilation, salivation, increased heart rate, and fat breakdown are all results of _____________ nervous activity

inhibited digestion, inhibited pancreas secretion, and inhibited urination are indicative of _____________ nervous activity

constricted pupils and bronchioles, slow heart rate, insulin release, urination, and digestion are indicative of _____________ nervous activity

At parasympathetic target tissues, ACh acts upon __________ receptors and triggers ___________ effects

The _____ _____ pathway provides voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Motor neuron axons are mostly ______________

motor connections are __________ , use Ach at nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors, and are __________

Neurons that innervate muscle fibers are termed __________ __________, and the synapses they make are called __________ __________

________________ junctions are large, branched, and powerful

neuromuscular junctions deliver a large amount of what neurotransmitter at once

NMJ operation (in typical manner of chemical synapses- see other side)