Guided Notes - Energy and Respiration

Involving or occurring in the presence of oxygen.

Occurring in the absence of oxygen.

Pathway that uses an electron transfer chain to harvest energy from an organic molecule and make ATP.

Transfers with a phosphate group

carries acetyl group (COH3) during glycolysis

carries electrons during aerobic respiration

carries electrons during glycolysis

carries electrons, hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis

alcoholic: beer, wine, bread lactate: yogurt

In a cell membrane, series of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in small, usable steps.

Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy.

the capacity to do work

Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed.

C6H12O6 + O2

Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy

- store energy by running endergonic reactions that build organic compounds
-glucose(and the energy in its bonds) can be stored in a cell
-release stored energy by running exergonic reactions that break the bonds of organic compounds
-most cells do this when they carry out overall reactions of aerobic respiration, which releases the energy of glucose by breaking the bonds between its carbon atoms

when intense exercise depletes oxygen in muscles faster than it can be replenished, muscle cells produce ATP mainly by lactate fermentation

-Bonds between phosphate groups hold a lot of energy compared to other bonds
-ATP has 2 of them holding its 3 phosphate groups together
-When a phosphate group is transferred to or from a nucleotide, this bond energy is transferred along with it
-The nucleotide can receive energy from a exergonic reaction and donate to an endergonic one

Anaerobic glucose

start with glycolysis, produce ATP, neither pathway fully breaks down the carbon backbone of glucose.

cells also harvest energy from other organic molecules by oxidizing them. fats, complex carbohydrates, and proteins in food can be converted to molecules that enter aerobic respiration at various stages

The energy of motion.

D

B

C

A

Substance that an organism must acquire from the environment for growth and survival.

first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed second law: energy tends to spread out spontaneously

Reaction in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule.

Energy stored in the position or arrangement of a system's components.

Oxidation

ATP formation by the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP.

At the inner membrane, electrons from the 12 coenzymes reduced in the previous steps power the synthesis of approx. 32 ATP. Water forms when oxygen accepts electrons at end of electron transport chain

glycolysis is a series of reactions that produce ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. It breaks one carbon(carbon bond of a glucose molecule). energy released when bond breaks is captured in electrons carried by NADH, and in high energy phosphate bonds of ATP. reactions use 2 ATP and produce 4, net yield of glycolysis is two ATP.

citric acid cycle(krebs cycle): a cyclic pathway that harvests energy from acetyl

oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transfer chains. an oxygen molecule combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.

some of the energy in every transfer disperses as heat, and dispersed heat isn't useful for doing work