Aphasia Test 1

wernicke's conduction transcortical sensory anomia

broca's transcorical motor transcortical mixed global

ischemic hemorrhagic

weakness numbness aphasia vision loss double vision vertigo imbalance incoordination

global semantic neologism phonetic jargon circumlocution

entire word is substituted for intended word (unrelated word)

word belongs to the same semantic field

a novel or newly coined word

phoneme is added or substituted for the correct phoneme

long stream of verbal output that is incomprehensible

describing the intended word

• poor auditory and reading comprehension

• poor repetition

• poor naming

• poor writing

• poor monitoring

• logorrhea (overload of verbal output)

paraphasias:

• neologism

• jargon

• semantic

• phonemic (literal)

• intact comprehension

• impaired repetition

• impaired naming

• impaired writing

paraphasias:

• literal/phonemic

• poor auditory comprehension

• poor confrontation naming

• good repetition

paraphasias:

• global

• neologism

• good auditory and reading comprehension

• good repetition

• poor naming/word retrieval

paraphasias:

• circumlocution

• good auditory and reading comprehension

• poor repetition -poor naming

• poor writing and reading aloud

• limited vocabulary

• right hemiparesis

• telegraphic speech (agrammatism)

• self aware of errors --> depression, frustration

paraphasias:

• phonemic/literal

• good auditory and reading comprehension

• good repetition

• good naming

• may perseverate

• impaired writing and reading aloud

• syntactic errors

• mild dysarthria

paraphasias:

• phonemic/literal

• poor auditory and reading comprehension

• good repetition

• poor naming

• may perseverate

• rare type of aphasia *

• poor auditory and reading comprehension

• poor repetition

• poor naming

• restricted vocabulary

• limited understandable communication/output

• stereotypic utterances

• some people may start out with a diagnosis of global but develop into a different type over time *

basal ganglia (subcortical) thalamic (subcortical) crossed primary progressive

• comprehension deficits

• dysarthria

• motor impairments

• non fluent

• good comprehension

• semantic paraphasia

• right-handed individuals with right hemisphere lesions

• similar to other aphasias but with right hemisphere deficits

• visual neglect on left side

• trouble understanding jokes

• gradual progression without evidence of non-language impairments

• involves left hemisphere perisylvian region

an acquired language disorder that is neurological in origin and not a problem of intellect or sensation

aphasia is an impairment (caused by brain damage) of the person's capacity for interpretation and formation of language symbols; results in a reduction in efficiency of interpreting and forming language symbols but it is not a problem of loss

results from a focal brain lesion in the language dominant hemisphere and affects the person's communicative and social functioning as well as the quality of life of the relatives and care persons

belief that the brain relies on centers and pathways

belief that the brain is a unitary function and that everything is connected; if something is not working properly it will affect the function of the brain

• Bouillaud located speech as a part of the frontal lobe

• Broca located where speech and language occur in the brain (BA 44, 45)

• Wernicke located the posterior area of the perisylvian region as where auditory reception/processing of language occurs (BA 22)

• Geschwind created the Boston classification of aphasia

• Jackson believed language faculty was intertwined with memory and discussed hemispheric asymmetry

• Head discussed aphasia regarding assessments

• assumes that if the lesion site is different, the symptoms will always be different although there could be variability in symptoms across patients with the same lesion site

• pure localization does not explain some phenomena like the variability in loss/ability, pure localization would mean total loss of ability

the brain's capacity to change at the micro level (neural plasticity) and the macro level (behavioral plasticity) in response to environmental changes or changes in the organism itself

adaptive = efficient rerouting

maladaptive = inefficient rewiring resulting in the persistence of aphasic symptoms and poor recovery

posterior half of first temporal gyrus

left supra marginal gyrus

angular and posterior middle temporal gyrus

no specific site; typically inferior parietal lobe

left inferior frontal gyrus

Connection of supplementary motor area and frontal perisylvian areas

Broca’s & Wernicke’s intact, but “isolated” by damage of perisylvian association cortex

Perisylvian association cortex

• cardioembolic

• atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease

• lacunar

• cryptogenic

• intracerebral (bleeding inside brain)

• subarachnoid (bleeding around brain)

1. use it or lose it

2. use it and improve it

3. specificity (nature of training experience dictates nature of plasticity)

4. repetition

5. intensity

6. time

7. salience (experience must be important)

8. age

9. transference (one training experience can enhance acquisition of similar behaviors)

10. interference

sudden onset of focal brain dysfunction caused by a disruption in blood flow and oxygen to the brain

transient ischemic attack

• mini stroke

• symptoms last less than 24 hours

• left MCA stroke (middle cerebral artery)

• right MCA stroke

• aphasia

• left gaze deviation

• right side numbness/weakness

• right visual field loss

• contralateral neglect (inability to attend to stimuli on one side of space)

• denial of weakness/impairment

• right gaze deviation

• left visual field loss

• left side numbness/weakness

results from blood clot forming in another area of the body and being carried through the bloodstream, lodging in an artery supply blood to the brain and blocking blood flow

can cause stroke when normal blood flow is disrupted by severe arterial blockage from plaque buildup in arteries and clotting occurs

results from occlusive disease of small penetrating arteries of the brain

underlying etiology of stroke remains obscure

occurs when a defective artery in the brain ruptures the surrounding area fills up with blood

occurs when a blood vessel on the surface of the brain ruptures and causes bleeding around the brain