Studied by 9 peopleFactors in the Age of Exploration
Gold/Silver to purchase as trade is growing
Spread Christianity (get rich)
New Technology made sea travel easy
What is special about gold?
It retains its molecular properties when heated & never tarnishes.
Caraval
A small ship with a round large hold, with a lateen (triangular sail that makes it easier to maneuver)
Prince Henry the Navigator
Opens a navigator school in Sagres, gathers great navigators and cartographers.
Vasco da Gama
1498- Reaches Calicut, Africa, following Dias, making Lisbon one of the riches cities in Europe
nov. 1, 1755
All Saints Day- 30,000 people died in an earthquake in Lisbon
How many miles in length was the Inca empire?
2,500 miles
What were the staple crops of the Inca?
Potatoes and Corn
How long had Spaniards used horses before arriving?
5000 years
How large was the Incan army guarding Atahualpa?
80,000 men
Atahualpa
The last Incan emperor
Who pioneered gunpowder as a weapon?
Arabs
Where were the world’s best swords made?
Toledo
What kind of sword did the Spanish use?
A Rapier
What did the Rapier symbolize?
Spain’s “Overbearing Avarice“
Libraries can also be seen as a depositary of…
dirty tricks
Dias
First European to go around the tip of Africa
Columbus
Commissioned in 1492 as a celebration of Ferdinand and Isabella’s Christian conquering of Spain
Balboa
First European to travel the Pacific Ocean
Cortez
Conquered the Aztec Empire
Magellan
First to circumnavigate the globe
Pizarro
Conquered the Inca
Astrolabe
A device which uses the north star to tell the navigator where they are
Codice/Codex
Aztec picture books, mostly destroyed by Spaniards
Tenochtitlan
Aztec capital, a city surrounded by water with its religious center at the heart of the city
What did Spaniards do to religious buildings?
Destroyed them and built churches with the stones.
Quetzalcoatl
A feathered snake god, who also takes the form of a white man
Why was Hernan Cortes welcomed by the Aztec people?
He returned on the exact date Quetzalcoatl was set to return, and looked how Quetzalcoatl was supposed to look like.
La Malinche
An indigenous translator for Cortes
Where did the diseases that killed the Aztecs likely originate?
In the Spaniards’ domesticated animals
What did Spaniards do with Aztec artifacts?
They melted them into gold bars
What happened after the Spaniards left?
80% of the Aztec population died of smallpox
Why were surrounding Indigenous tribes ready to oppose the Aztecs?
The Aztecs would wage war on surrounding people and take prisoners for sacrifice.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A treaty between Spain and Portugal which separated the globe into land for the Spanish to conquer and land for Portugal to conquer, which was mostly ignored.
What did European explorers seek?
A northwest route to Asia
Who founded Jamestown?
The English
Why was Jamestown unsuccessful at first?
They looked for gold instead of planting crops.
How much of Jamestown died in the first year?
70-80%
What cash crop was grown in Jamestown?
Tobacco
What is a cash crop?
A crop grown to be sold
Where did Puritans establish a colony?
Plymouth, Massachusetts
What is a Pirate?
Unlicensed plunderer by sea
What is a Privateer?
Privately owned, plundering for their nation
Who drove the Dutch out of New Amsterdam (1664)?
The English
What relationship did the French and Dutch have with Indigenous people?
The French and Dutch traded with the Natives.
What were the French and Dutch seeking in the new world?
Beaver Fur for beaver fur hats
What was the relationship between the English and the Indigenous people?
Much more hostile; English stole their land
What did the puritans call the natives?
“Heathens“
What advantages did the Spaniards have over the Aztecs?
stronger weapons/armor; dogs and horses
When did Columbus first leave Europe?
Aug. 5, 1492
What were the names of Columbus’ ships?
Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria
Who were the Taino?
Native to the Caribbean
Who was this continent named after?
Amerigo Vespucci
What disease did Cortes say his people carried?
“A disease of the heart only gold can cure“
Mestizo
mixed Spanish and Native population
Encomienda system
The Spanish labour system with enslaved Native people
What mistake did Atahualpa make?
He didn’t arm his people
Smallpox covers your body in….
Smallpox blisters
What do most deadly diseases come from?
Domesticated animals
What animals had been domesticated in the Americas?
Llamas- which people didn’t exchange germs/disease with
What is believed to have killed 90% of the Native population?
European disease
What happened to Atahualpa?
Once he was no longer useful, the Spanish planned to burn him. He was offered Clemency if he converted, but was strangled anyways.
By the end of the 19th century, Europe had colonized….
Africa, Australia, and most of Asia (all without domesticated animals)
What did the Muslim/African slave trade offer to slaves?
Social Mobility- they were able to buy or marry their way out of slavery
What “advantages“ did Europeans see in using African people as slaves?
Same disease pool
Experienced in farming with rice as well as European crops
No knowledge of American geography
How did the slave trade impact the world?
Destruction of African families and communities
Proliferation of guns in Africa
Profit for American economy
Introduction of African music, farming, and culture into the Americas
What foods were brought from Africa to the Americas?
Bananas, black eyed peas, and yams
What food were Europeans afraid of?
Tomatoes
When were African people first taken to the Americas?
1511
What is a favorable balance of trade?
A nation selling more goods than it is buying.
Why were joint-stock investments needed for colonies?
Establishing a colony was risky and expensive.
What were the two most important crops of the Americas
Corn and Potatoes
How did Imperialism/Colonization affect individuals?
Voluntary/forced migration and depopulation
How did Imperialism/Colonialism effect societies?
Old societies destroyed, new ones formed in their places.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership where everything has a cash price
What do merchants do with their wealth?
Continuously invest in overseas trade
What is a Mercantilist System
A system where raw goods were taken from a colony, and manufactured into goods, then sold back into the colony.
What motivated Colonisation?
Politics
Wealth
Religion
To get rid of excess population
Chattel Slavery
People stripped of every right and treated like animals
Note
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