What are the three reasons why Claudius invaded Britain
Claudius’ position in Rome
Caesar’s attempts to invade
The political situation in the south of Britain
Claudius’ position in Rome
Claudius succeeded Caligula after he was killed by the praetorian guard
Suetonius says Claudius was never considered to be empower due to his disabilities
Josephus says he was found behind a curtain
Suetonius says at the start there was a small rebellion against him as he was not seen as good enough
Caesers attempts to invade
He had his achievements read out in the forum so everyone knew what happened
Caesar described the Britons using chariots to escape from battle and Claudius targeted the horses due to this
What happened when Caesar invaded
Invaded in 54 and 55
His first campaign was to understand the island the second was to get controll
He forced the tribes into alliance and so they would pay tax to him
The political situation in the south of Britain
Before Caesar there was no peace Tacitus says they can’t agree
Caesar enforced Roman peace between them
Evidenced by the gold slater of vertical and the gold and bronze coins of Cunobelinus
Gold slater of verica
Coins from the atrebartes tribe
Vine leaf and the text Vinci on the front
Man on a horse and verica on the other side
vine leaf implies it is Italian and that they were trading
Gold slater of Cunobelinus
First side had wheat and text camv on it
Second side had text cvn on it
Text says camudolumnum
Fact it was gold shows it was a rich tribe
Bronze coin of Cunobelinus
First side had head and the text Cunobelinus king
Second side had a bull and the text tasc
The text reads Cunobelinus son of tasciovanus
It is bronze so worth less than the gold one
Cassius dio
Politician who became consul he carefully used previous sources from earlier historians
Suetonius
Wrote biography based all around Claudius
Josephulus
Independent account about how Claudius supported Suetonius
Tacitus
Known for being hostile towards empowers and people in power
What did Suetonius tell us about preparations for Claudius’ invasions
Claudius used Caligula and Caesar’s plans
Suetonius told us about Caligulas plans
What does archeological evidence tell us about preparations for Claudius’ invasions
Assembled legions 2, 9, 14, 20
Brought auxiliary units
Around 40000 men
Lead by aulis plautius
Claudius’ invasion all from Cassius dio
Plautius defeats Cunobelinus’ sons togodumnus and caratacus
Britons thought romans could not cross the river
German auxillery troops swan across and attacked horses
Vespasian slaughtered the Celts and Rome won that battle
Romans struggled to cross Thames so sent the German auxillery troops
Many romans died falling into swamps
Plautius sent for Claudius
Claudius got the surrender to the catavelaunii without doing anything
The second phase of the invasion
Fosse way was constructed
By ad 49 the invasion was finished
Established capital at camudolumnum and used client kings
Vespasian conquered 2 tribes
Publius ostroius faced a rebellion and was very harsh on the ( Tacitus )
Fosse way
line between Lincoln and Cirencester
Tombstone of sextus valerius genailis
Found in Cirencester
Shows a cavalryman defeating his enemy carrying a shield
Was a veteran living amount other veterans
Tombstone of rufus sita
Buried near Gloucester
Shows a cavalry man over fallen enemy
He was part of a garrison
What happened when Claudius returned to Rome
Arch of Claudius made
British kings surrendered to him
Granted a triumph
Dio said Aulus plautius also had a triumph but Suetonius said it was an ovation
Tacitus said romes borders expanded which was likely
Coinage to promote success
Ovation
Like a triumph but more specific to military generals
How did the governors policies change overtime
Senate appointed Roman magistrate to rule over each province together with a questor and three luitentants
Appointed by his staff the governed had full rule over province
Upon assuming the government of a province the governed would issue and edict to supplement the lex province
The Boudicca revolt cause
The mistreatment of the iceni tribe
What does dio say about the cause of the Boudicca revolt
Roman actions trying to get loans back which Claudius made
This was plausible as Nero needed more money
What does tact us say about the cause of the Boudicca revolt
When prasutagus died he tried to leave half his kingdom to Nero and his daughters but the Romans took it all as they did not allow women to own property
When the romans moved in they assaulted Boudicca and he daughters
The events of the Boudiccan revolt
Lead her iceni tribe south to join with the trinobantes
Britons burned the cooking down ( archeological evidence )
Revolt happened while Suetonius Plautus was in wakes so he went south
He sent 9 the legion who were ambushed and 2,000 killed
London was evacuated Tacitus said rebels destroyed St Albans
After ransacking verulamium the rebellion met the romans somewhere in the midlands
Boudicca escaped Tacitus says she poisoned herself dio says she fell ill
Why were the trinobantes involved in the boudiccan revolt
They were angry due to the veterans of the colony being treated badly with the romans calling them prisoners and slaves
More details from dio s account if the Boudiccan revolt
Only 2 Roman cities destroyed so he did not view London as a city
He says it was very gruesome and even people from Gaul were killed
What happened after the Boudiccan revolt
Paulinus was replaced by Petronius turpilinus who was very lazy
Replaced by trebellius maximums who was lazy
Nero died in 68 and there was a power struggle in Rome but Vespasian took power
Trebellius maximums was replaced by vettius bolanus who Tacitus said was unpopular as they wanted Vespasian
Venutius and the brigantes from Tacitus
Queen catimandua is very pro Roman and this was clear as she handed caratacus over to them earlier on
Venutius her husband was not pro Roman
She married one of venutius’ servants
Venutius was aided by local tribes who rebelled against cartimandua who asked the romans for help
Trebellius maximums went into hiding after a mutiny he was replaced by bolanus
Petilius cerailis takes controll and the romans invade brigantia
There was now no brigantes royal family
After Venutius and the brigantes
The Roman controll moved north and they reached Carlisle by 71/72 tree evidence
This reflected well on Vespasian
North wales subjugated by paulinus julius front in us now set about conquering the silures
How was Britain romanised
Colchester
Fishbourne
Aquae siluis
What are the four ways the romans impacted Britain
Establishment of provincial capital
Taxes to Roman state
Imperial cult
Development of urban life
Colchester camudolumnum
Focal point of Roman power worshipped by the emporer
Built to look good rather than to be functional ( grid system )
Rebuilt to look Roman ( archeological )
No forum but temple circus and theatre
Could worship any gods but had to do the emporer and no Druidism
lots of similar towns like Chichester Cirencester and St Albans
Fishbourne
43 ad timber buildings act as a supply base for Vespasian
Military site after ad 60
65-70 timber buildings removed and proto palace built in stone
Black and white mosaics bright paint
After was replaced by flavian palace very expensive
Aquae sulius bath
Natural hot springs religious significance to the celts
Minerva was the Roman god of hot springs sulius was the Celtic one so goddess sulius minerva was made as a combination
Was a Roman complex and temple
Very Roman civilised and hygienic
Outline mons graupis
The British stood on high ground in formation
Agricola widened his roots
They were fighting with missiles
Romans started fighting with swords
Britons retreated to woods
Agricolas first actions
Before he came Britons were very lazy and uncoordinated
He got rid of the Ordovicies
Took the isle of anglesssey
Took swimming auxilleries and they surrendered
He lowered food and tax prices
Cultural changes Agricola made
Built temples public squares and houses
Praised the keen reprimanded the slack
Provided education in Latin
Porticoes banquets and baths
Agricolas advancements into the river Tay
Took a new tribe at the river
Established forts
Stocked very well and never taken from
Didn’t take too much credit
Between Clyde and forth Agricola
There was a strip of land never taken
He secured it with garrisons
Further expansion
Posted troops close to Ireland
Between Britain and Spain so was very valuable
Do trading and business
He often said it could be useful
Intro to mons graupis
Agricolas sons died so he became more motivated to work hard
A small amount of men went ahead
30,000 Britons assembled lead by Calgacus
so Britons we’re fighting in Roman army
Vindolinda tablet
Shows Roman supplies Britons with wood
Shows trade and good business
Tablet is an invoice