LINGUISTICS: ILTS World Languages Spanish (260)

The study of the sound patterns of a language

________ are meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language.

___________ are the physical sounds used to produce speech. One phoneme may have several allophones.

For example, in Spanish the phoneme /v/ may be pronounced /v/ or /b/.

__________ are the phonemes used to create utterances in a language.

________________ are the non-phonemic factors used in speaking a language.

Examples: stress, intonation, and word juncture are examples of Suprasegmentals. They can be functional (create different meaning) or non-functional.

_______ _____ and ____ are pairs or groups of words that vary only by one phoneme.

English MP: Bat & Rat

English MS: Bat, Cat, Hat, Mat, Gnat, Pat, Rat, Sat, Tat, Vat.

Spanish MP: Caro & Carro

________ must contain a vowel or a vowel like sound. They may have a consonant or a consonant cluster before and/or after the vowel.

Syllable: At = VC

Bat = CVC

BRAT = CCVC

Bank = CVCC

When one sound is made at almost the same time as a second sound because of our speed of speech.

for example: say I CAN GO quickly. The /n/ at the end of can and the /g/ at the beginning of go are pronounced almost together as the sound /ng/

when one sound is just left out (for example: say SHE OPENED THE DOOR quickly. The /d/ at the end of opened is not heard.

a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.

a chunk or a bound morpheme that is attached to a free morpheme in order to produce a new word.

They can be prefixes (attached to the beginning of a word: disobey/desobedecer), suffixes (attached to the end of the word

the process by which a new word is created or a word is changed to be another part of speech by adding bound morphemes.

In Spanish -dor is a similar Derivational suffix, changing the verb jugar into a noun meaning a person who plays: jugador.

the process by which a word is modified to indicate grammatical function such as singular or plural, present tense or past tense.

Spanish has a much wider variety of inflectional morphemes (-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an) are all employedSpanish has a much wider variety of inflectional morphemes (-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an) are all employed

a morpheme without any affixes, either Derivational or inflectional. You may have heard it called a base word.

any word that has been inflected, minus the inflection. A stem may contain many Derivational morphemes

a set of morphs that communicate the same inflectional information

 -o (hablar -> hablo), -oy (estar -> estoy), and -go (tener -> tengo) all communicate the inflectional information that the first person (I/yo) is completing the action in the present tense.

The study of the structure and order of components within phrases and sentences.

The set of rules for a given language from which all well-formed sentences can be generated. A

Only well-formed sentences will be generated if these rules are applies. This set of rules is finite, but can result in an infinite number of grammatically correct sentences.

It is possible for two sentences to look different but still contain the same basic syntactic structure.

Yo escribí el libro and El libro fue escrito por mi have different surface structure

However, on an underlying level (deep structure) they are both formed with the same syntactic components . A first person pronoun, a verb, and the noun phrase el libro.

The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

This is considered distinct from syntax because an utterance can be syntactically correct but ____________ odd, example: The cake ate the children.

Words and phrases can be thought of in relationship to each other. Words can be synonyms (start/begin, empezar/comenzar), antonyms (tall/short, alto/bajo), and hyponyms (perro/animal)

Words and phrases can be thought of and classified in terms of the role they play in a sentence. Verbs typically play the role of action, Nouns and noun phrases can be the agent (doing the action), the theme (affected by the action), and when used with prepositions, the instrument (the means of doing the action) the location, the source, or the destination.

Words with different written forms and two different meaning but the same pronunciation.

English: (two, to, too) (bare, bear)

Spanish: (ola, hola)

Words with the same written form and same pronunciation but two or more unrelated meanings.

English: bat (sports equipment, flying mammal), bank (financial institution, side of a river

Spanish: calle (street, subjunctive of verb callar)

When two or more words have the same form and different but related meanings

English: bright (more than sufficient amount of light, more than sufficient amount of intelligence)

Spanish: cuello (neck of an individual, collar of a shirt)