Criminology Exam 3

response to gesture / action

“dramatization of evil” - when minor laws are broken, society dramatize it

1. primary deviation

2. Social penalties

3. penalties & rejection

4. Hostilities & resentment

5. action by society

6. stigmatizing & penalties

7. acceptance

“outsiders”, people others consider deviant

people who disobey the rules

people who have been identified as disobeying the rules when they did not violate the rules

people who violate the rules of society WO/ society reacting to this behavior

racial prejudice & discrimination

individual is identified as a deviant & viewed as “new light” (new personality)

dramatic process; giving an individual a new identity (criminal trial)

plea bargaining

minimal controls do not hurt individuals from getting along with each other

1. no act is intrinsically criminal

2. Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest or the powerful

3. A person dose not become a criminal by violating the law

4. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal & noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense & research

5. Only a few persons are caught in violating the law, even though many individuals may be equally guilty

6. Once a criminal, always a criminal, but some are more than others

7. Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender

8. Free-will perspective allows for the condemnation & rejection of the identifies offender

9. Difficult for the offender to maintain a favorable image of himself

1. vaueness & ambiguity

2. evaluating the labeling theory

3. Labeling theory focuses criminal & deviant behavior

4. Labeling theory focuses on the “reactors” rather than the “actors”

assumes that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws & assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws & rules of society

1. focus on the individual

2. group & intergroup relations

3. may explain criminal behavior

people come into conflict with one another due to conflicting & competitive interests

otherworld powers

systematic & scientific

1. political protest

2. labor disputes

3. between & within competing unions

4. racial & ethnic clashes

Individuals become accustomed to social roles & maintains social order

interaction between those who enforce the ale & those who violate the law

purpose of changing the world

truth should be independent of personal values

behavior patterns

verbal formulations of values

1. Definition of crime

2. Formulation of criminal definitions

3. Application of criminal definitions

4. Development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions

5. Constriction of criminal conceptions

6. The social realty of crime

constructed by the formulation & application of criminal definitions, development of behavior patterns related to criminal definitions

constructed & diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication

behavior patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation to criminal definitions & engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal

applied by the segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement & administration of criminal law

human conduct that is created by authorized agents in a politically organized society

behaviors that conflict with the interests of the segments of society that have the power to shape political policy

1. law is a tool of the ruling class

2. they argue that all crime is a product of a class struggle

3. scholars need to address the relationships between the mode of production & understanding crime

works for those who own the means of production

proletariat to believe that maintaining the capitalist system is in their best interest, rather than in interest of the bourgeoisie.

• they never profit from their own efforts because the upper class

create & implement laws that helped retain their dominance over the working class

Legal order constitutes a self serving system to maintain power and privilege

the state functions to serve the long-term interests of the Bourgeosie

negotiate those relationships between the broader social context & patterns of delinquent behavior among peer groups

• Accumulation of society

• Procreation of labor & process of production

• Approved patterns of distribution & consumption of society

• Socialization of population inter production role

• Groups that threaten capitalist ideology

• Surplus Labor Population

• Extensiveness & intensity of state control

• Size level of threat from problem population

• Level of organization of problem population

• Effectiveness of social control structure to central population

• Alternative types of processing

• Parallel control structure (organized crime, crimes, tribes)

• Utitility of problem Population

Normalization, Conversion, Containment, Supply of Criminal enterprise

individuals who are passive & do not attempt to disrupt society

the repair of justice through one-sided approach of imposing punishment

the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values, involving a joint/ multisided approach

1. sanction based on accountability measures

2. offender rehabilitation & reintegration

3. enhanced community safety & security

1. the etiological crisis due to rising crime rates

2. The crisis in penalty in terms of the failure of prisoners, as well as a reappraisal of the role of police

3. The increased awareness of victimization & of crimes that had gone unnoticed

4. A growing public demand & criticism of public service efficiency & accountability

5. Definition : attempts to provide an analysis of crime on all levels & develop a range of policy recommendations

1. Attachment

2. Commitment

3. Involvement

4. Belief

• affection that characterizes a relationship between people

• Extent individual cares about opinions of conventional others

investment an individual has in conventional society

Too busy W/ conventional activities to engage in delinquent acts

The endorsement of conventional rules, values, & beliefs

Travis Hirschi

emphasizes that tightly bonded people are less likely to commit crimes

(gottfredson & hirschi) general crime theory; criminal events are generally based on immediate removal of an irritant.

impulsive, insensitive, short-sighted, non-verbal, risk takers, & prefers physical not mental activities

Parents’ influence on their children

1. effective monitor child's behavior

2. recognize deviant behavior

3. punish deviant behavior appropriately

self control is fixed between the ages of 8-10 & links self control with victimization [victims have LSC]

"The tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act which moves the focus from the long term implications of the act to its broader and often contemporaneous implications.”

emphasizes the impact of brain development during adolescence and early adulthood

socioemotional system & cognitive control system

1. lambic and paralimbic systems

2. fully developed during adolescence

3. increased sensation seeking

1. frontal lobe

2. not fully developed until early adulthood

3. less impulse control

emphasizes the impulsivity & sensation seeking

The idea of collective conscience; Automatic spontaneity & awakened reflection

animals eating habits; eat when full & stop when hungry

greed; people tend to favor better conditions & additional fulfillment because there are no limits

likeliness that people share = stronger collective conscious = less crime

1. Establish rules that stop people from being selfish

2. Crime allows people to unite

1. humans are naturally greedy

2. People look out for their best interest

3. Humans come together due to the fear instilled by the government

individuals (not all humans ) are born selfless due to the brain - ID Domain & selfish tendencies are produced by the superego

Young infant / child due & significant others

1. delinquency was a consequence of weak controls = weak ego / superego amongst juveniles

2. no explicit motivation for delinquent activity

3. delinquency occurs in absence of controls

family bond

individuals are invested in conventional society through peer influences (prevention of committing a crime)

1. Internal control

2. direct control

3. indirect control

social interaction

individuals propensities to commit deviant acts

individuals are strongly attached to their caregivers (parents)

There has to be a balance between freedom & parental control to prevent criminal activity

1. individuals can be pushed into deliquency by their social environment (lack of employment / education)

2. pulled into criminal activity (friends)

Inner containment & outer containment

a person’s sense of self (resisting criminal activity)

societal institutions essential in building bonds

individuals offend when social controls are weakened

1. determinism

2. free will play a role in offenders’ decisions to engage in criminal behavior

values that the individual holds to and believes in but that are also recognized as being not quite comme ii faut.

the presence of social bonds is inversely related to delinquency and adult crime

1. control is subjected

2. exercise determine possible deviance

3. a person is least likely to offend when he/she has a balance of controlling & being controlled by others

1. (explains lower level crimes)

2. Crime and delinquency rates are factors of class position and family function ( patriarchal / maternal influences)

1. scanning the environment

2. seeking out peer groups that align with who you are = mapping genetic similarities

1. 21% of all interactions are influenced by genes

2. 41% of all delinquent peer interactions are influenced by genes

1. power is maintained through formal

2. informal social controls

3. society is comprised of groups of various values & interest

4. one side of the interest will overpower the other

1. interpersonal and communal

2. legal and rhetorical, ethnopolitical, global, and geopolitical levels.

Groups interactions determine crime behavior.

The B’s will always have power while the P have to follow the law that are written / enforced by the B’s. (Creating a level of fear in the P’s will keep them at their status (continuing capitalism)

serious delinquency occurs because reproduction of coercive control patterns tied to the relationship between production and class structure in capitalist societies