Biology- animalia chapter 9

vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts

, fat, protein and carbohydrate needed by the body in large amounts

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life.

the metabolic reactions that breakdown larger molecules into smaller subunits

the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits

the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy

adenosine triphosphate: a substance found in all living tissue that is made up of an adenosine molecule linked to three phosphate groups. Energy for physiological functions like muscle contraction is provided by the breakdown of one phosphate bond (to generate adenosine diphosphate, ADP).

1 calorie= 1000 calories of 4180J 2.2 lbs=1 kg 1 ft= 12 in 1in = 25 cm

are very large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

Body size: the larger the body the more energy is required to stay alive. Physical activity: Muscle burns more energy than fat, so physical activity requires more energy. Sex: males are typically larger in size and have a greater proportion in muscle mass than females age: decreases within age (lack of physical activity and the loss of muscle mass) Hereditary factors: some individuals have a naturally high metabolic rate. In these individuals, the chemical energy obtained from food is very quickly converted into other forms of energy.

a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive; nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy

a chemical signal or messenger molecule, circulated through the body and used to coordinate cellular functions.

• the main source of energy for the human body -made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen -provide materials to build cell membrane provide energy for use by cells (short term-glucose) (long term-glycogen) Examples: Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch,glycogen, cellulose (regulate stool, helps body store water).

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals

• consists of a single sugar molecule

• most basic -ring-shaped structures examples: glucose and fructose (found in fruit)

• made up of two simple sugars Example: (sucrose, maltose)

• many simple sugar molecules can join together to form large carbohydrates.

• store energy reserves for later use by cells

• cushion and insulates the internal organs examples: fats, oil, wax

• store 2 times more energy per gram than other biological molecules

• provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles

• Aid in muscle movements such as contraction -Acts as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the cells

• Provide immunity against infection and disease

• Transports ions in cell membranes examples: Insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes -made up of hundreds of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds

• contains the organism's, genetic information

• Direct the growth of the organism Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• composed of repeated subunits of sugar, phosphate, and nucleobase.

an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as a essential nutrient

an element, such as calcium or phosphorus, required by the body in small amounts; plays a role in cell processes and repair

a simple molecule with two or more binding sites

are composed of large numbers of linked , small repeat units

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that are bonded together

• made up of 55-60 percent of water

• converts nutrients

• keeps nasal cavity moist

• helps remove waste (cellular respiration) -helps repair -helps deliver -helps joints -helps nerve cells -regulation absorber (shock absorber)

• vitamins A,D,E and K - stored in the body's healthy tissues for future use

• not easy to eliminate if needed

• vit K is synthesized by special bacteria found in the large intestine -vit D is formed in the sun when the skin is exposed to sunlight

vitamins B and C cannot be stored in the body and excess quantities are eliminated in urine.

a simple, sac-like digestive cavity that has only one opening through which food is taken in and wastes are expelled

breaking down or loosing muscle mass

the passageway or tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and in which the process of digestion takes place.

the chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macronutrients (lysis) into smaller molecules

building and maintaining muscle mass

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water mole cule is released.

any chemical produced by cells that facilitates biochemical reactions in the body, such as those involved in digestion and metabolism; all enzymes are proteins.

an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates

it is a protective secretion that lubricates and aids in the swallowing of bolus.

infectious microbes that cause sickness and diease

1. Ingestion - taking of nutrients

2. Digestion - breaking down of complex molecules into smaller components by enzymes and by chewing

3. Absorption - transport of digested nutrients into the circulatory system and to the tissues of the body

4. Egestion - removal of waster food materials from the body

• are enzymes

• speeds up processes

• contains enzymes that help increase the rate of chemical reactions

• mucus is found in saliva, it is a protective secretion that lubricates and aids in swallowing of bolus (ball of food)

involves an enzyme ( a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reactions but is not "used up" in the reaction). the substance that an enzyme combines with is very specific. the enzyme amylase will only work on breaking starches (polysaccharides) down into disaccharides.

starch is broken down by carbohydrase into simple sugars Proteins are broken down by protease into amino acids Lipids are broken down by lipase into Glycerol and fatty acids

the enzyme pepsin in the stomach

the enzyme amylase in saliva

the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine

macromolecule - carbohydrate product breakdown - a simple sugar

• produced in the salivary glands & functions in the mouth

macromolecule - lipid product of breakdown- glycerol and fatty acids produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine with the help of bile which was produced in the liver but stored in the gallbladder

macromolecule - protein product of breakdown - amino acid produced by the stomach glands and functions in the stomach

macromolecule - protein product of breakdown - amino acids a trypsinogen is an inactive form of trypsin that is generated in the pancreas and once in the duodenum is converted to active trypsin.

• long tubes used for digestion, with separate openings for a mouth and an anus

• under normal circumstances, food moves in only one direction ( two opening one way system)

• allows for the breakdown of food

a wave ike series of muscular contractions in the esophagus

a mixture of hydrochloric acid, salts, enzymes, water, and mucus

a thick liquid produced in the stomach and made of digested food combined with gastric juice.

• 1st section

• where most enzymes are added and where digestion in the small intestine begins

• contains villi and microvilli which increases the surface area so that in the capillaries all nutrients (except digested fats) can enter the bloodstream

also secrets amylase which will continue the digestion of starch that was started in the saliva

• the small intestine secrets secretin which stimulates the liver to make more bile and secrets lipid and protein enzymes

• helps minimize the acid present by stimulating the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme

the 2nd and 3rd section

• absorb nutrients, water, minerals, and vitamins

• consists of cecum, rectum, and anus

• most water could be found in the undigested of indigested material (cellulose) is reabsorbed back into the body

the area where the small intestine joins with the large intestine

• creates a blind pouch where processed material from the small intestine is received

no digestive function

the longest part of the large intestine; ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon

the last 20 cm of the large intestine and this is the structure that holds waste which will be eliminated from the body through the anus.

loose or watery feces

undigested material that is eliminated as waste from the body

the removal of waster food materials from the body

the opening at the lower end of the large intestine which waste is eliminated

the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using any of the cell's energy

the transportation of materials through the cell membrane with using cell energy

the diffusion of molecule across a cell membrane via a transport protein

the difference in the number of molecules or ions of a substance in a given volume between adjoining areas

holds the stomach in place & secrets fluid

an organ consisting of a muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

the rhythmic involuntary wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

a layer of connective tissue that contains networks of nerves and blood vessels

consists of the longitude, circular and oblique muscles

ridges that increase the surface area of the stomach and stretch out to increase stomach volume when the stomach is full.

closes off the esophagus from the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, food and liquid can move backward into the esophagus and cause heartburn and other symptoms known as gastroesophageal disease (GERD).

serves as a kind of gateway between the stomach and the small intestine. It allows the contents of the stomach to pass into the small intestine. It also prevents partially digested food and digestive juices from reentering the stomach.