Biology Midterm Review

smallest units of life

no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles

has a nucleus; membrane-bound organelles

makes ATP

carry out protein synthesis

absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

found in plants and prokaryotes; surrounds the cell membrane

stores water in plants; takes up most of the plant area

bilayer that forms the cell membrane

transporters, enzymes, receptors

passive transport; moves particles from high to low concentration

passive transport; uses a protein carrier to move molecules from high to low concentration

passive transport of water from a low to high solute concentration

transport that uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient (low to high)

shortest part of cell division

phase where the cell is growing and preparing for division

DNA is replicated during this phase

one parent cell/organism produces identical offspring

sources of quick energy; contain the elements C, H, and O

sources of long term energy; insulators; make up the cell membrane

DNA and RNA

water molecules stick together

water molecules stick to other things

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

sucrose, lactose, maltose

cellulose, glycogen, starch

a catalyst and a protein

when an enzyme's active site is changed

bond that holds DNA bases together

bond that connects sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

bond that connects amino acids

DNA --> mRNA in the nucleus

mRNA --> amino acid --> protein at the ribosome

DNA --> DNA during interphase

1. all living things are made of cells

2. cells are the smallest unit of life

3. cells come from preexisting cells

Transport (protein channel), Receptors (for hormones), Anchorage (cytoskeleton attachments), Cell recognition (antigens), Intercellular joinings (tight junctions), Enzymes

freeze fracturing, fluorescent antibody tagging, biochemical techniques

thermal: high specific heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, & high heat of fusion

cohesive: water sticks to water molecules. adhesive: water sticks to other molecules

solvent: water can dissolve many substances with charges/polar regions

an organism that makes its own food

an organism that gets its energy from another living organism

secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs non-living organic matter to get energy

ingests non-living organic matter

a biological system that contains biotic and abiotic features of an ecosystem but is restricted in size and/or are under controlled conditions

shows the flow of energy through the trophic levels of a feeding relationship

an organism that eats producers

an organism that eats primary consumers

a group of populations living and interacting with each other in the same area

a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

a community and its abiotic environment

the natural warming of the earth’s surface

a gradual increase in average global temperature

partially decayed plant matter found in bogs

each step in a food chain/web

bacteria; fungi

earthworm; pillbug