Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Crainial nerves and spinal nerves

Are divided into Afferent and Efferent

Made of Sensory Neurons

Made of Motor Neurons

Are divided into somatic and autonomic

Voluntary Responses

Involuntary Responses

Are divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Fight or Flight Response

Involve skeletal muscles

Involved with rest and digestion

Involve cardiac muscles and glands

Neurons and Glials

Inter neuron, Sensory neuron, and Motor neuron

Short-branched fibres that convert chemical information from other neurons or receptor cells into electrical signals

An elongated fibre that transmits electrical signals to terminal regions for communication with other neurons or effectors

A cell body containing the nucleus and organelles, where essential metabolic processes occur to maintain cell survival

Found in Central Nervous System

The link between sensory and action

Short Dendrites

Short Axons

Relay messages from receptors to Central Nervous System

Long Dendrites

Short Axons

Relay messages from the interneuron to the effector (muscle)

Short Dendrites

Long Axons

Sensory input, integration, motor output

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

Main part of the brain

Associated with thoughts and actions

Made of 4 lobes

Part of the brain that deals with;

Personality

Emotions

Intelligence

Part of the brain that deals with;

Sensations; pain, touch, temperature

Part of the brain that deals with;

Hearing

language

Part of the brain that deals with;

Vision

Part of the brain that deals with;

Autonomic actions: breathing, heart control, swallowing, blood pressure, sweating, etc.

Part of the brain that deals with;

Balance

Motor Skills

Posture

Is connected to the brain stem

At the top of brain stem

two lobes that relay sensory and motor messages to cerebrum

Regulation of sleep and conciousness

Below the Thallamus

Involved in homeostasis

regulated blood pressure, body temperature and water balance

reflex centre of the brain

swallowing, sneezing, coughing

respiration and circulation

Nerves branch out from main cord to the various parts of the body

Damage to any section will cause problems to lower sections

Difference between +/- ions between two points

Neuron at rest (not sending a signal!)

More Na+ outside; more K+ inside

Caused by sodium/potassium ATP pump

Overall: mV -65

Depolarization (upswing)

The sodium channel opens and sodium rushes in

Potential changes until the threshold is reached (-40 mV) and an all-or-nothing response occurs

Once it is reached, depolarization goes until 40mV

Repolarization (downswing)

Sodium gate closes, Potassium gate opens and it rushes out

Potential changes until it is slightly below resting potential (-65mV)

Inside is negative compared to outside

Refractory Period

Sodium and Potassium gates close

Na/K Pump pumps K outside and Na inside

Individual sections of the axon

Effeciently and quickly moves signal along

The jumping of the action potential from node to node

Insulating layer around the axon

Changes electrical signal (voltage) to chemical signals (neurotransmitters)

Neurotransmitters bind to dendrites to cause a new action potential

Between the axon and the dendrite