AH Final Flashcards

• Farmland

• Gold

• Economic Promise

The west was responsible for key characteristics of American culture: beliefs in individualism, political democracy, and economic mobility

1. First the fur trappers

2. Followed by miners

3. Followed by the cowboys

4. Followed by the farmers

• Chief Joseph- guided Nez Perce on a flee to Canada

• Geronimo- guided his members of his tribe while evading capture by the U.S. Army

• Sitting Bull- defeated US army; all dead

• Praying

• Fleeing

• Fighting

Make Native Americans like the Europeans

South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas

• Droughts- ruined crops

• Grasshoppers- destroyed farmland

• Underweight cattle- cattle less valuable

• Difficult soil- couldn’t grow crops

• Planting wheat

• Using steel plows

• Using barbed wire

• Railroads

• The California Gold Rush

• Comstock Lode

Transcontinental railroad

a force of more than 200 soldiers led by General Custer was wiped out at the battle

Authorized the redistribution of Native lands, 160 acres per family and resulted in the shrinking of reservations lands

a prayer Natives believed would bring the buffalo back and have the settlers leave their land

massacres marked the end of the wars on the great plains

provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land

the log cabin during frontier settlement of the great plains

small frontier settlements whose income depended heavily on the trade in free-range cattle

cowboys drove herds of cattle to the west

used to control cattle

people who explore for minerals

a market structure that consists of only one seller or producer

some U.S. government officials actively destroyed bison to defeat their Native American enemies who resisted the takeover of their lands by white settlers because buffalo was a primary source of the natives diet

• Loss of culture

• Loss of land

• Loss of population

• More access to goods and info

• Attracted Settlers

Jobs

• ethnic neighborhoods

• tenements

Poverty

• more affordable

• mass production

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

mail order, department stores, chain stores

Laborers

Little pay, long hours, dangerous work, those in charge do not want to take responsibility for workplace accidents

Passive and let congress do work, only one term served, all but one Republican, national parties mostly ignored social/economic issues after reconstruction

• successes - won city, state, congressional 

• Issues- monetary policy, business regulation, and the spread of democracy

housing for the urban poor, with well-established connotations for unsafe and unsanitary conditions

prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years

groups of workers who strike/protest for better working conditions, pay, etc.

giving jobs to those who vote for you

people who wanted the currency backed by gold AND silver, want inflation so that they get paid more

required some civil servants to take tests- federal jobs awarded based on merit/the test results

first federal law to control monopolies

racial segregation laws in the post-civil war period; basically just black codes

• Natural Resources- provided industry with the raw materials needed to turn a wide variety of finished goods

• Immigrants- provided factory owners with free labor

• Corporations/Monopolies- the gap between the rich and the poor grew noticeably wider

• Industrialization: loss of skilled workers, more access to goods, unions

• Immigration: more workers, more cultures introduced

• Urbanization: for 1st time, more Americans live in cities than in the country

• New: Southern and Eastern Europe, specifically Russian + Austro-Hungarian Empires and Italy; different culture, language, religion, customs

• Old: Northern Western Europe, specifically Irish, and Germans

• Now from Southern and Eastern Europe

• Different languages/customs/religions

• Poorer, less education: gap between rich and poor widened

• Nativism: people who lived on land excluding people trying to immigrate to “their” land

People think immigrants are taking too many jobs

The Old immigrints weren’t happy when the New immigrants taking their jobs. However, when they immigrated to America they took jobs too.

Work devolved from hand-making to pressing buttons on machines- loss of skilled workers

• 1- only gilded age democratic president

• 2- lost initial reelection, but ran again and then won- terms not back-to-back

• Spoils system- gave people jobs/favors based on votes

• Political machine- use the spoils system; institution in an urban city that controlled policies, voting trends, and economic aspects of their communities.

• Booker T Washington: black people can enter the business world with higher education

• WEB du Bois: black people need to get rights by fighting for them

• Northern Strengths: have the most banks, factories, and ships; population is bigger than the south, more railroads, lager navy, tired and true government, more states than the south

• Southern Strengths: excellent group of military officers, Britain and France sympathize with south, soldiers convinced of the Confederate cause, fighting for independence

• Northern Weaknesses: northeners disagree on the rights and wrongs of slavery, Washington DC lies at the border between the north and the south

• Southern Weaknesses: economic health depends on trade with Europe, coastline is about 35,000 miles long, slaves can’t be counted on to support the Confederacy, supply routes lie near the border with the North

• Union: Blockade ports, control rivers, and capture Richmond

• Confederate: don’t give up

Antietam + Gettysburg

• Gettysburg: Lee lost his maneuverability, Lincoln delivered Gettysburg Address

• Vicksburg: cut the Confederacy in half

• Antietam: no more Lee invasions, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

• 13th amendment: abolished slavery

• 14th amendment: equal rights and due process

• 15th amendment: male suffrage

• Little to no education

• Because a majority were sharecroppers, they didn’t own any land

Wage laborers/sharecroppers

• Texas’ Border

• US offered $15 million Mexico said no

• Mexico did not recognize Texas as part of the US

• American’s desire for Manifest Destiny

• William Lloyd Garrison: Published anti slavery newspaper “The Liberator”; also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society - more radical than Douglass

• Frederick Douglass: worked closely with WLG before they went separate ways, was an editor on anti-slavery newspaper “The North Star” and wrote “A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass”- his life story as escaped slave

• Repealed the Missouri Compromise

• Created two new territories

• Allowed for popular sovereignty

• Citizenship: black americans couldn’t hold citizenship

• MO comp: ruled as unconstitutional

• Property: slaves considered property, and remain property if taken into a free state; denied slave owners their “right to property”

• 2 immediate: failure, no slave uprising; John Brown hung and martyred

• 1 long term: terrorism and anti-republican fears grow in the south, who increasingly desire secession

• creation of national bank

• new capitol in Virginia

• Side effects: political parties (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans), Whiskey Rebellion (1794; farmers in PA refuse to obey excise tax laws)

• For: the price is a bargain (2 cents per acre), ownership of Louisiana by any European power is a threat to the military safety of the Unidted States, buying Louisiana will double the territory of the United States and enhance the nation’s prosperity

• Against: would increase national debt, Settlers who go far away will not stay loyal to US, purchase of foreign territory is not among delegated powers in Constitution

• Marbury V Madison: Established Judicial review

• McCulloch V MD: established that the federal government, while limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action; states can’t tax gov; loose interpretation

End of Federalist Party, who were against the war; encouraged growth of American industires to produce good that they couldn’t get from England; confirmed the US’s status as a free independent nation, building respect of other nations as well as American nationalism and self-confidence

• Whiskey Rebellion: After months of negotiation, Washington sent troops to arrest the revolution's leaders and restore law and order

• Nullification Crisis: Got congress to pass the force act, which authorized him to use the army and navy to collect taxes

Lack of food and supplies (food, proper shelter), death by illness and disease

• Jamestown: 

  • Labor: Slaves and indentured servants (young men)

  • Settlement: far apart

  • Economy: cash crops, tobacco

• Plymouth

  • Labor: family members

  • Settlement: close together

  • Economy: fishing, grain, livestock, timber, shipping, merchants

The American Indians were fighting to maintain control of their land and their cultural future. The French claimed the Upper Ohio River Valley. They wanted to trade with the American Indians and control the area. The British also claimed the Upper Ohio River Valley (Control over the Ohio River Valley)

Britain thought that colonies should pay for protection and help with debt

• To explain why we fight

• We’re mad at Parliament and King George III

• Listing of 27 grievances

• Soooo, we declare independence

The Articles influence resided with the states, and the Constitution was declared the law of the land when it was ratified