Bio 151

Bacteria that is

-Unicellular

-No interior compartments

-Cell membrane

-Cell wall

- Some are photosynthetic

-No true organelles

-Metabolism (both catabolic and anabolic processes) Reproduction -Transcription and Translation

Internal membrane bound organelles • Some have cell walls (fungi, plant) some don’t (such as animal cells) • All have membranes • Nucleus • Some are photosynthetic

Stores DNA to transcribe it into RNA

Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell made from \n proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids – controls access to the \n cell.

Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2

Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon molecules for the rest of the cell.

All living things are made up of cells, but they can have different numbers of cells. Organisms can be unicellular, like bacteria and protozoa, with just one cell that does everything. Or they can be multicellular, like plants, animals, and fungi

Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Yes, but not all viruses have DNA. Some viruses have RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material instead.

No. Viruses require a host cell to replicate and carry out their life cycle. Once inside a host cell, viruses hijack the cellular machinery to produce more viruses.

Unicellular organisms are complete, self-contained units of life that can carry out all necessary functions within a single cell. They are capable of performing essential processes such as obtaining nutrients, metabolizing, reproducing, and responding to their environment.

Macromolecules that give energy through glucose

Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose, galactose, fructose. Ratio of carbon :3-6

Disaccharides: Form of two monosaccharides. When two monosaccharides form a dehydration reaction (removal of water molecule)

Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates made up of multiple monosaccharides

Sucrose (Glucose+ Fructose), Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) Maltose (Glucose +glucose)

Through Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction where bonds are broken by adding water. Water is split by hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) which breaks bonds between molecules. Used to break down complex molecules into smaller units like disaccharides into monosaccharides or proteins into amino acids

A long chain of monosaccharides. Examples: Starches, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.

Nonpolar molecules that are hydrophobic. Cells store energy in form of lipids called fats.

Composed of fatty acid chains attached to glycerol or a similar backbone. Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The phosphate group can face outside and the fatty acids stay inside. It is a bilayer that makes up cell membranes.

No, they can be heterotrophic and autotrophic

Consume food from themselves to gain energy.

Consume food from other products to get energy

Anabolic reactions use energy to build from complex molecules such as amino acids becoming proteins. Catabolic reactions break complex molecules down into simpler ones which releases chemical energy

Glycolysis, food digestion.

Nucleotides since they make up DNA.

Determines the specific sequence of amino acids in protein which determines its function and interactions with other molecules

It includes alpha helices and beta sheets, provides stability and rigidity for protein, and allows it to maintain shape and interact with specific molecules

Responsible for three three-dimensional shapes of protein and determines proteins’ function by enabling specific binding sites, catalytic activity and interactions with other molecules

Arranges multiple protein subunits such as hemoglobin which carries oxygen.

The lactase binds to the regulatory protein repressor by the alactose. It creates a conformational change preventing it from binding to the operator so RNA polymerase is able to bind to the promoter to initiate transcription

a trans fatty acid is straight with no kink so less fluid

causes a kink and changes direction which makes it more fluid

The repressor

Heterochromatin is highly condensed, gene-poor, and transcriptionally silent. Euchromatin is less condensed, gene-rich, and more easily transcribed

section of DNA that is wrapped around core of protein

Binds to the operator preventing RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter

Lactose binds to the lacl repressor which creates an confrontational change to the shape which causes rna polymerase to then bind to promoter and transcription occuring

When there is low glucose and high lactose.

DNA-MRNA-PROTIEN

Where genetic information stored in DNA is used to synthesize RNA

going from mRNA to protein

amino acids

class of lipids(fats)

consist of a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and are building blocks of protiens

polypeptides

acts as a buffer by preventing fatty acid chains of phospholipids from packing too closely together which helps regulate the membrane at different temperatures

shorter chains or unsaturated fats with double bonds increase membrane fluidity. The double bonds introduces kinks to the membrane which prevents from packing closer.

Saturated fatty acids since they have straight chains that can pack tightly, making the membrane less fluid

From high to low, carbon and water molecules and need to be nonpolar molecules

From high to low and needs protein to go through a protein gradient, selective since it needs specific protein gradients.

Low to high and need energy to go through transport as it goes against the gradient. Uses atp to go through gradient

Uses pumps and energy from both charged molecules to go move against gradient. Such as using Na+ and K to move against gradient to form energy

Yes

No, they are chemical alternations to the DNA

Addition of methyl groups in the cytosine residue, involved in gene splicing

removal of introns(non-coding sequence) and join exons(coding sequence) in pre mRNA to create mature mRNA. Splicesomes remove the introns

Tightens DNA structure and decreases transcription

This weakening of the interaction allows the DNA to unwind or loosen from the histones and increases transcription

phosphodiester bonds

peptide bonds

covalent bonds