Campbell Biology Chapter 12

the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells

series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

all the DNA in one cell of an organism

a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; it consists of specific proteins, DNA, and small amounts of RNA

cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes

reproductive cells, sperm cells and egg cells

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

German scientist who in 1882 developed dyes that allowed him to observe the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis,

the phase in the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur resulting in cell division, the shortest part of cell cycle

the period of the cell cycle during which activities such as cell growth and protein synthesis occur without visible signs of cell division - about 90% of cell cycle

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.

Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles, which are not essential for cell division.

A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.

a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere

An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles

-This is the enzyme that breaks down cohesion so that the chromatids can separate.

the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two

the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.

A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

G1, G2, M

"restriction point", if a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the checkpoint, it will complete the G1,S,G2, and M phases and divide, if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at that point, it will exit the cycle, switching into the G0 phase

a phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is not replicating

A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.

a kinase that in order to drive the cell cycle must be attatched to a cycln to become active

Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.

a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells

The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.

The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.

The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell.

A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin.

an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor

spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body