ap bio stuff

Proteins: CHONS, Carbs and lipids: CHO, Nucleic acids: CHNOP

Eukaryotes have many membrane organelles which allows for compartmentalization of functions.

Have a single circular chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cell (no nuclear membrane), has cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes

Packages proteins for secretion from the cell

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

Transport tunnels for proteins leaving the cell

Contain digestive enzymes

Lipid bilayer storage or transport chamber

Contains the DNA

Gives shape to the cell, acts as tracks for movement of organelles

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

It allows for increased surface area for reactions and separation of reactions in the cell

The greater the surface area of the better; surface area increases more slowly than volume

Small, hydrophobic ones move the easiest because of the phospholipid molecules.

Large molecules need a transport protein because they're too big.

Ions or polar molecules made a transport protein because of their charge and because the non-polar regions of the phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic.

They swell or can burst

They shrink

No net change in size

Against the concentration gradient

To move large particles out of the cell

Activates proteins that cause the cells to die

Reception of the signal, transduction, response

\n Inside the cytoplasm

Enter the nucleus and become transcription factors that increases gene expression

An uncatalyzed reaction requires a higher activation energy than does a catalyzed reaction

There is no difference in free energy between catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions

Light reactions:

Reactants: water-it is split to produce H+ ions, oxygen gas and electrons

Products: oxygen, NADPH and ATP

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Calvin Cycle:

Reactants: carbon dioxide

Products: PGAL or G3P

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Uses the energy stored in the ATP and NADPH to form the sugar

All organisms

This is evidence of a common ancestor of all living organisms

2 molecules in glycolysis

36-38 in aerobic respiration because oxygen is required for protons be pumped mitochondrial membrane

Pyruvate is converted into lactate. In the process NADH is converted back to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. The build-up of lactic acid causes muscle soreness

Taking turns and transport them to the electron transport chain. They must be re-oxidized into NAD+ and FAD+ for the Krebs Cycle to continue

In the process of chemiosmosis, H+ ions move through the transport protein and their energy is used to phosphorylate ADP back to ATP. This enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and the inner mitochondrial membrane

Offspring that is identical to the parents. They are produced from 1 parent and there is no production of fusion of gametes

Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

Independent Assortment of chromosomes during meiosis I

Conjugation in bacteria: when one bacteria sends some of its DNA over to another bacteria through sex pilus (grows an extension and sends DNA over to the bacteria)

n^2

Oxygen

process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed

relationship where both organisms benefit

one species benefits and the other doesn't care; hawks and a cactus

symbiotic relationship in which one organism live on or in another organism and feeds upon it

The Keeling Curve is a graph that plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since the 1950s.

Interaction between two organisms of different species in which one organism, called the predator, captures and feeds on parts or all of another organism, called the prey.

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

the principle that if an organism allocates energy to one function, such as growth or reproduction, it reduces the amount of energy available to other functions, such as defense

rainfall

Each have four phases

meiosis 2 results in 4 haploid daughter cells

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

a physical or biological factor that alters the structure and species composition of the community

A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check. Trophic cascades may become apparent when a top predator is eliminated from a system.

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

A type of succession in which a community distinctly different from the original community is established after a disturbance.

the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

drying out

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.

heterotrophs that consume producers

obtain their energy by eating primary consumers

organisms in the fourth trophic level (eg, hawks and sea otters), which obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Water sticks to any surface that is polar or has exposed nitrogens or oxygens.

water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding

• meiosis has 2 cell divisions, mitosis only one

• meiosis results in a haploid cell, mitosis results in a diploid

• in anaphase 1 of meiosis sister chromatids are still paired, in anaphase in mitosis, sister chromatids are separated

• in meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up on cell's equator, in mitosis homologous chromosomes never pair up