Physical Science Test 2 (Chapters 3-4)

joule (J) 

• Zero distance, no work

• Displacement perpendicular to applied force, no work 

The rate at which work is done. (Walking vs running upstairs). 

Units: watt and horsepower

work/time

an object changes its position with respect to time.

 the location of an object at any given time.

the ability to do work

Energy associated with motion. Results from work or change in potential energy. (Speed squared)

Energy associated with position. Work and kinetic energy can change into potential energy.

Strong Nuclear

Weak Nuclear

Electromagnetic force

Gravitational force

solar energy generation

Carbon -14 converting to Nitrogen-14

 chemical bonds

landslide

based on the first two laws of thermodynamics 

the change of energy from one form to another.

Energy is never created or destroyed.

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but the total energy remains constant.  

Δ KE + Δ PE = 0

nuclear energy, fossil energy and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.

a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur on Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form

a sedimentary deposit composed predominantly of carbon that is readily combustible.

a form of energy that harnesses the power of water in motion—such as water flowing over a waterfall—to generate electricity.

any type of energy generated by the sun

 a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced inside the earth.

a form of energy released from the nucleus, the core of atoms, made up of protons and neutrons.

an energy carrier that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources.

offer a solution to one of the challenges of solar, wind, and other alternative energy sources.

Kinetic plus potential energy

Charges, currents, etc.

Energy involved in chemical reactions

Electromagnetic energy; Visible light = small part of full spectrum 

 Energy involving the nucleus and nuclear reactions

Work in equals work out

Force multiplied by ratio of distance

• Inclined plane

• Wedge

• Screw

• Lever 

• Wheel and axle

• Pulley

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. 

For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases.

A perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy.

Measure of disorder

 Melting

Boiling

Evaporation

Condensation

The process of a solid becoming a liquid (fusion) 

 Heat going into a substance changes it from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas.

the process of changing from a liquid to a vapor

a substance is changed from the gaseous to the liquid state of matter

Gasses are composed of a large number of particles that behave like hard, spherical objects in a state of constant, random motion.

 solid, liquid, and gas

 a state of matter that retains its shape and density when not confined.

conforms to the shape of its container but retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure

a substance that does not have a definite volume (also called a fixed volume) or a definite shape.

 scale based on 32° for the freezing point of water and 212° for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 equal parts.

a temperature scale based on 0o for the freezing point of water and 100o for the boiling point of water.

the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature

used to measure a physical quantity, such as mass or length

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

 the heat or energy that is absorbed or released during a phase change of a substance.

 the transfer of thermal energy between two objects by direct contact

ie. a metal cooking pot sitting in an air-conditioned house feels cold when you touch it.

motion in a gas or liquid in which the warmer portions rise and the colder portions sink

ie. Hot air rising above a fire.

a process where heat waves are emitted that may be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through a colder body.

ie. The heating of the Earth by the Sun