Differential Educational Achievement – CLASS (External):

inferior N&V’s, skills and knowledge which makes education harder.

W/C – restricted code vs M/C – elaborated code. School resources use a elaborate code so W/C are at disadvantage.PARENTAL EDUCATION – DOUGLAS

parental attitudes and own level of education affect educational achievement. W/C parents pay less attention to education and less likely to push their child and visit schools less.

level of education – W/C more relaxed, M/C disciplined on educational behaviours, and will interact with schools.

W/C have different culture – fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation – reduce educational achievement.

not having recourses/spaces available to do well in school – poverty.

cost of transport/uniform/equipment etc which place a heavy burden on W/C families. Stigma on pupil premium students – so don’t use it.

children from poorer families have poorer diets and nutrition which leads to lack of nutrition and absences. Therefore, low achievement. ADHD is also higher in W/C.

cultural/economic/educational – M/C higher.

3 types could be converted and are linked. All benefit M/C.

Study on CC using questionnaires – studens with greater CC were children of graduates,

however, CC was only part of the reason for differences of education. Also, age/ethnicity.