Ap human geography

the name by which a geographical place is known

defines a place on a map using coordinates

refers to a place by comparing it to a known place

the physical characteristics of a place (ex. NYC's harbor)

location of a place on Earth relative to other places

a point in space distinguished by specific characteristics

the art of mapmaking

the distance on a map vs. the distance in the real world

imaginary lines on the earth that form time zones

imaginary lines wrapping around the earth (lat is flat)

0° mark, divides Earth into N/S hemispheres

0° mark, divides Earth into E/W hemispheres

24 zones marking a time difference relative to Greenwich

the date changes because of time zones

ratio between size of area on map vs. real world

physical gap/interval between two objects

process of how a characteristic spreads

measurement of how many things within a certain area

concentration low density, things are scattered

concentration high density, things are tightly packed together

Its a pattern

projection made like you wrap a piece of paper around a globe, in other words, cylindrical, maintains accurate direction and shape, distorts size, best used for navigation with lat/long, poles are huge

area projection (Goode) attempts to offer an alternative to Mercator, maintains accurate size and shape, distorts distance

Intended to solve the problem of other flat projections by curving longitude, helpful for general reference but not perfectly exact, everything is a little distorted especially by the polar areas

Intended for size to be true and not be a Eurocentric map, accurate size, distorts shape

Used for navigation of airplanes, maintains distance and direction from the reference point, size and shape are accurate at the center of the map, distortion is present all along the outer edges

more distance between places = less contact and diffusion

characteristic spreads virally to everyone

spread of a cultural characteristic

diffusion that doesn't require physical movement of people

characteristic spreads to 'important' people in hierarchy

a place where a characteristic originates before diffusion

spread of characteristics from physically moving people

characteristic spreads and is adapted by place

new communications tech = distance decay less relevant

mobility of people, goods, and ideas

ideas + items + communications spreading globally!

maps that show places/locations and their features

show boundaries, cities, etc.

show physical features, usually overlay of a political map

map that displays a variable in an area (tells story)

shows concentration patterns in various color shadings

uses dots of same value to show concentration

larger symbol = larger value

uses lines to divide map into regions with similar features

size of area = frequency of variable, "balloon continents"

maps representing a person's perception of their world

a group's perceived identification of their region/any region

a region with distinctive boundaries (example: Canada)

a region centered around a node (similar to a hearth)

a region that changes based on who you're asking

how humans affect enviro, enviro affects humans

study of human-environment relationship

environment affects human actions

only people prevent human actions

environment sets limits, but humans can adapt

use of resources to ensure future availability

area made from natural environment + shaped by culture

the earth itself, including land features, climates, etc.

people interacting with physical geography

layers data

finds lat/long location

collection of data from satellites (not the data itself)

data collected by satellites about physical characteristics

describing the qualities of something, ex: color

describing a numerical value of something

process of describing/interpreting the landscape of an area

"thinking like geographers" you just kind of know this

zoomed in, a person would be very large on this map

zoomed out, a person would be very small on this map

series of improvements in industry/producing goods

agricultural → mechanized mass production

effort by country to establish ideas/settle in territory

extending country's influence thru force/diplomacy

(sector) activities directly extracting materials from the earth

(sector) processing/transforming materials to goods

(sector) provision of goods/services for $

(sector) industries concerned with info/capital (knowledge)

(sector) high-ranking, helps economy/social decisions

improving material conditions thru tech (process)

value of all $ going in/out of a country in a year

adjustment made to GNI account for diff. in cost of goods around world

same as GNI but only accounts for money made within country's borders

monitors country development thru standard of living, life expectancy, and access to knowledge

% of ppl who can read/write in a country

% of women in full time jobs outside of the home

avg. number of children a woman will have

# of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

combines empowerment, labor, reproductive health to measure country's gender inequality (want low score)

% of seats held by women in nat'l legislature and % of women who have completed high school

UN's goals to help improve world conditions

LDCs can grow own economy through stages

Static statuses, MDCs exploit LDCs through trade

$, tech, edu - generates wealth in world economy

low $, edu, tech - is exploited, gains little wealth

has aspects of both Core and Periphery

state of equal rights for men and women

small loans + $ services in LDCs (not commericial)

transnasal corporations (HQ not near factories)

trade protecting LDC workers w/ product standards