Chemistry Final Exam <3

Covalent bonds

Poor conductors of electricity

Non polar

Low Boiling and Melting point

High Flammability

Non soluble in water

C and H, sometimes O, S, N , O, Cl, F, Br, I

Metals and nonmetals

Ionic bonds

High Boiling and Melting points

Low Flammability

Soluble in water

4

Property of organic compounds that allows them to form an almost infinite number of C + H chains

The lines represent bonds between carbon atoms

The total of atoms in the compound

All bonds and atoms are shown

Shows the atoms but leaves out the unpaired electrons

Physical property of petroleum components that allows its refining in the fractional distillation column.

All single bonds

double or triple bonds

Any bond between atoms (only one per bond)

Any additional bond to a single bond

Less Carbons

Less Melting/Boiling points

Less density

Gas State

More Carbons

More Melting/Boiling points

More density

Almost Solid State

sp3

109.5°

Tetrahedral

sp2

120°

Trigonal planar

sp

180°

Linear

carbon attached to another carbon

carbon attached to two other carbons

carbon attached to three other carbons

carbon attached to four other carbons

More Soluble / Lower Boiling Points

Less Soluble / Higher Boiling Points

Only single bonds

at least one double bond

at least one triple bond

Least Polar --- Alkane < Aromatic< Ether< Halocarbons< Ester< Aldehyde< Ketone<Amine< Alcohol< Carboxylic Acid< Amide --- Most Polar

Fuels

Fruit Ripening

Wine / Beer

Remove Paintings (Acetone)

Bee and Ant Stings / Vinegar

Medicines

Peptide bonds in proteins

Perfumes in Fruits and Flowers

Propellant / Refrigeration (Chloro fluoro carbons)

Major source of energy from our diet

C, H, O

Produced by photosynthesis in plants

the simplest form of carbohydrates, also known as simple sugars. They are composed of a single sugar unit and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

Contain 2 monosaccharide units

Contain many monosaccharide units

Triose / Tetrose / Pentose / Hexose

Aldose (aldehyde group and hydroxyl groups)

Ketose (ketone group and hydroxyl groups)

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Glucose + Glucose

Glucose + Galactose

Glucose + Fructose

Structure

Structure

Structure

A covalent bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another molecule, which can be another carbohydrate or a non-carbohydrate molecule.

Starch / Glycogen / Cellulose

Amylose and Amylopectin

Energy storage in animals, fungi and bacteria

A complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to plant cell walls. Its main function is to maintain the shape and rigidity of plant cells, allowing them to maintain their structure and resist external pressures.

Not very soluble in water (hydrophobic). \n Are soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, acetone)

Oils / Fats / Waxes / Phospholipids / Steroids

Made mostly of unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid at room temperature

Come from plants

Made mostly of saturated fatty acids

Solids at room temperature

Come from animals

Only single bonds

Double bonds

Are composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule (ESTERIFICATION REACTION) and are used by the body as a source of energy.

Saturated: Higher Melting Point

Unsaturated: Lower Melting Point

Long chain carboxylic acids

12-18 carbon atoms

Insoluble in water

Classified as Saturated or Unsaturated

Esters made of one long alcohol and one long saturated fatty acid

• Major components of \n all cell membranes as \n they can form lipid \n bilayers.

• Lipid bilayers are \n impermeable to most \n water-soluble \n molecules.

• They prevent the \n entrance of \n undesirable \n molecules into the \n cell.

A diglyceride, a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule

Hydrophobic (not soluble in water) and apolar part of a phospholipid

Hydrophilic (soluble in water) and polar part of a phospholipid

Contain 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring

The most abundant steroid in the body

Has methyl CH3- groups, alkyl chain, and -OH \n attached to the steroid nucleus.

• Obtained from meats, milk, and eggs

• synthesized in the liver

• Cell membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones and Vitamin D

• Clogs arteries

• Chemical messengers in cells

• Sex hormones:

Androgens in males (testosterone)

Estrogens in females (estradiol)

Macromolecules, polymers, constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids

Proteins - Amino acids

Lipids - Fatty acids

Carbohydrates - (mono)saccharides

Building blocks of proteins.

Carboxylic acid group

Amino group

R (gives unique characteristics)

Food contain approximately 20 common amino acids

meat, fish, eggs and dairy products (good sources of good-quality, complete protein)